However, despite its widespread use, SCC presents several practical challenges, including its highly hygroscopic nature, reduced feed stability, accelerated degradation of certain vitamins, and the formation of trimethylamine (TMA) during microbial metabolism. These limitations, coupled with the industry’s growing focus on efficiency, sustainability, and precision nutrition, have driven the search for more advanced nutritional solutions.

Why Liver Health Matters More Than Ever
In poultry, the liver is the primary site of lipogenesis, accounting for nearly 80–85% of total fatty acid synthesis. Every day, it coordinates the conversion of nutrients into energy, regulates lipid metabolism, synthesizes proteins, and supports numerous physiological functions essential for growth and production. When lipid metabolism becomes impaired, triglycerides accumulate within liver cells, leading to excessive fat deposition, poor feed utilization, reduced growth performance, and an increased risk of fatty liver conditions. These metabolic disturbances can significantly impact both biological efficiency and economic returns. Consequently, maintaining optimal liver function is no longer viewed merely as a health objective; it has become a key driver of productivity and profitability in modern poultry production.

Kolin Plus® : A New Generation Phytogenic Solution
Developed as a scientifically validated phytogenic alternative to synthetic choline chloride, Kolin Plus® represents a new approach to metabolic nutrition. Rather than functioning solely as a nutrient replacement, Kolin Plus® supports liver health and fat metabolism through multiple interconnected biological pathways. Formulated from carefully selected botanical ingredients rich in bioactive compounds, Kolin Plus® works by influencing key metabolic processes involved in lipid synthesis, fat mobilization, fatty acid oxidation, and energy utilization. This multi-pathway mode of action enables the bird to utilize nutrients more efficiently while supporting optimal hepatic function. Backed by transcriptomic research and performance validation studies, Kolin Plus® exemplifies the shift from conventional nutrient supplementation to scientifically driven metabolic optimization.

A Transcriptomic Window into Poultry Metabolism
One of the most exciting developments in animal nutrition has been the application of transcriptomics to understand how dietary interventions influence biological functions.
Transcriptomics enables researchers to evaluate thousands of genes simultaneously and identify the molecular pathways affected by nutritional interventions. To unravel the molecular basis of Kolin Plus® activity, liver gene expression profiling was conducted in broilers challenged with choline-deficient diets. The analysis identified key genes and signaling pathways involved in lipid synthesis, mobilization, oxidation, and overall hepatic lipid regulation. The gene expression patterns were studied for four groups normal diet: normal, choline chloride deficient, Kolin Plus®, and CCL using microarray on day 42. The hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out on 12,614 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a similar expression.

Regulating Fat Synthesis at Its Source
One of the most significant findings from transcriptomic research was the modulation of genes involved in hepatic fat synthesis. Key genes associated with lipogenesis—including PPARG, ACACA, ACLY, and LIPC were regulated in a manner that supports healthier lipid metabolism. These genes play important roles in: Fatty acid synthesis, Triglyceride accumulation, Lipid storage, Hepatic lipid regulation. By influencing these pathways, Kolin Plus® helps create a metabolic environment that favours efficient nutrient utilization while reducing excessive fat deposition within the liver. (Table 1, Fig1)

Figure 1. Effect of KP on gene expression related to de novo lipogenesis.
Activating the Fat-Burning Machinery
While reducing fat synthesis is important, optimal metabolic health also requires efficient utilization of stored fats. The transcriptomic analysis revealed enhanced expression of genes associated with fatty acid oxidation, including:  CPT1A, PPARGC1A, HADHB, PNPLA2
These genes are directly involved in transporting fatty acids into mitochondria and converting them into usable energy through β-oxidation. In practical terms, this means the bird becomes more efficient at utilizing dietary energy rather than storing it as excess fat.
Further studies demonstrated increased circulating levels of L-carnitine in supplemented birds.
L-carnitine serves as the transport system that carries long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria, where they are oxidized to generate energy. Improved L-carnitine status has been associated with:
– Enhanced fat utilization
– Reduced carcass fat deposition
– Improved energy efficiency
– Better production performance
This finding provides an important physiological link between molecular changes and measurable production outcomes. ((Table 1, Fig 2)

Fig 2: Effect of KP on catabolism of lipids (lipolysis and beta-oxidation of fatty acids.

From Molecular Science to Farm Performance
The true value of any nutritional intervention lies in its ability to improve on-farm performance.

Research Studies has demonstrated benefits including:
– Improved body weight gain
– Better feed conversion ratio (FCR)
– Reduced fat accretion
– Enhanced livability
– Improved European Production Index (EPI)
These improvements reflect the practical impact of optimizing lipid metabolism and liver function.  Rather than acting as a simple replacement for choline, this approach supports multiple interconnected pathways that collectively improve metabolic efficiency.

Sustainability Through Better Metabolism
Modern poultry production increasingly demands solutions that are not only effective but also sustainable. Improved lipid utilization means more dietary energy is directed toward productive purposes rather than being lost through inefficient metabolism.
This can contribute to:
– Better feed efficiency
– Lower resource utilization
– Reduced environmental impact
– Improved economic sustainability
As the industry continues to pursue precision nutrition and sustainable production systems, metabolic optimization will play an increasingly important role.

Conclusion
The future of poultry nutrition is moving beyond simple nutrient supplementation toward a deeper understanding of how nutrition influences biological systems. Advances in transcriptomics and nutrigenomics have shown that phytogenic technologies can regulate gene expression, optimize lipid metabolism, support mitochondrial function, and enhance metabolic efficiency.
By influencing key pathways involved in fat synthesis, lipid transport, and fatty acid oxidation, these next-generation nutritional solutions help improve liver health, nutrient utilization, and production performance. Kolin Plus®, backed by transcriptomic validation and performance studies, exemplifies this scientific approach by supporting metabolic health through multiple biological pathways rather than functioning as a conventional choline replacement alone.
As the poultry industry continues to focus on efficiency, profitability, and sustainability, scientifically validated phytogenic solutions such as Kolin Plus® are redefining metabolic management and shaping the future of precision poultry nutrition.

Introduction

Why it matters in modern poultry production
– Rapid multiplication of Eimeria can produce substantial intestinal injury within a short period.
– Subclinical coccidiosis may reduce feed efficiency, growth and flock uniformity without dramatic clinical signs.
– High oocyst contamination of litter increases exposure and repeated infection pressure.
– Effective control requires attention to parasite biology, farm management and appropriate anticoccidial programmes.

Etiology
Seven major Eimeria species are recognized in chickens. E. acervulina and E. maxima are frequently encountered, while E. tenella is particularly pathogenic and associated with severe caecal disease and haemorrhage (Yaqub et al., 2023). Species differ in preferred intestinal sites, lesion patterns and pathogenicity.

Transmission
The principal route is faecal–oral transmission. Birds ingest sporulated oocysts from contaminated litter, feed, water, equipment or the environment. Moisture, oxygen and suitable temperature favour sporulation, allowing infective oocysts to accumulate and maintain the infection cycle (Pal et al., 2023).
Life Cycle of EIMERIA

Ingestion of sporulated oocysts → release of sporozoites → epithelial invasion → multiplication → gamete formation → oocyst formation → faecal shedding → environmental sporulation.

Clinical Signs
Severity depends on Eimeria species, infective dose, bird age, immunity and environmental management. Signs include reduced feed intake, depression, ruffled feathers, drooping wings, enteritis, diarrhoea or dysentery, poor growth and increased mortality in severe cases (Pal et al., 2023).
– Reduced body-weight gain and flock uniformity
– Poor feed conversion and production performance
– Diarrhoea or blood-stained droppings in severe infections
– Dehydration, weakness and depression
– Mortality when tissue damage and blood loss are extensive
Species-specific sites

Post-Mortem Lesions
Post-mortem examination helps identify likely Eimeria species and estimate the distribution and severity of intestinal damage. Lesion patterns should be interpreted with clinical findings, litter condition, performance data and, where appropriate, laboratory diagnosis (Pal et al., 2023; Yaqub et al., 2023).

Key lesion patterns

Prevention and Control
Effective control integrates anticoccidial programmes with litter management, hygiene, stocking-density control, ventilation and sound flock management. Continuous or inappropriate use of a single anticoccidial can contribute to reduced efficacy and resistance selection; rotation, shuttle programmes, combinations and vaccination are among approaches used for longer-term control (Usman et al., 2011; Chapman, 2017; Noack et al., 2019).

Anticoccidial programmes
– Rotation changes the active ingredient or mode of action between production cycles.
– Shuttle programmes use different anticoccidial strategies during different feed phases.
– Combination programmes can broaden anticoccidial activity and may help address reduced sensitivity when appropriately designed (Chapman & Rathinam, 2022).
– Vaccination can provide controlled exposure to selected Eimeria strains and support protective immunity.

Ionophore vs Chemical

Combination programmes
Combining compatible anticoccidial activities can broaden control and reduce dependence on a single mode of action. Programme selection should consider disease pressure, previous anticoccidial history, susceptibility patterns, compatibility and label requirements (Chapman & Rathinam, 2022).

STALLEN’S DUAL APPROACH TO COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL
Stallen South Asia offers a dual approach to coccidiosis management with Manacox Plus, bringing together ionophore and chemical anticoccidial activity in one formulation. This approach is designed to support practical, structured coccidiosis-control programmes while reducing dependence on a single mode of action.

MANACOX PLUS
Manacox Plus is a dual-active anticoccidial formulation combining an ionophore and a chemical anticoccidial. It contains Monensin Sodium 8% + Nicarbazin 8% for practical coccidiosis prevention programmes in broilers.
Key Product Points

WHY A DUAL APPROACH
Using monensin sodium together with nicarbazin brings ionophore and chemical anticoccidial activity into one formulation. This can fit structured prevention programmes where the objective is effective control without unnecessary reliance on a single mode of action. Use should follow the approved label and veterinary guidance.
Practical use
– Use within a planned farm coccidiosis-control programme.
– Maintain good litter quality, ventilation, stocking density and drinker management.
– Review anticoccidial history and flock response when planning future programmes.
– Follow approved dose, withdrawal period and compatibility instructions.

References are available on request.

Yet despite the widespread use of organic trace minerals (OTMs), one important misconception continues to exist in the industry: that all organic trace minerals are the same.

Looking Beyond Inclusion Levels
When evaluating trace mineral programs, discussions often focus on inclusion rates, mineral concentration, and cost per ton of feed.

However, the true value of a trace mineral is not determined simply by how much is added to a formulation. Rather, it is determined by how much of that mineral is available for absorption and utilization by the bird. This distinction becomes increasingly important in modern poultry production.

Many producers experiencing challenges like, inconsistent performance, reduced meat quality, or variability in the flock focus on nutrient inclusion. Yet nutrients can only contribute to biological functions if they successfully reach the absorption sites where they are needed.

As poultry genetics continue to advance, nutritional efficiency has become just as important as nutritional adequacy. This shift is causing nutritionists to move beyond a simple question of: “How much mineral is in the feed?” to a more important question: “How much mineral is actually available to the bird?”

Understanding the Challenge: Mineral Antagonism
Trace minerals perform important functions throughout the bird’s body. Zinc, copper, and manganese act as cofactors for numerous enzymes involved in bone formation, connective tissue development, collagen synthesis, skin integrity, antioxidant defense, and immune function.

However, the digestive tract is a highly complex environment. As minerals move through digestion, they encounter changes in pH and interactions with dietary compounds such as phytate, fiber components, and even other minerals. These interactions can reduce mineral availability before absorption occurs.

This phenomenon, referred to as mineral antagonism, helps explain why increasing mineral inclusion does not always result in improved mineral utilization. Simply feeding more minerals does not necessarily mean the bird receives more minerals. In many situations, the challenge is not supply. The challenge is bioavailability.

Dietary antagonisms can reduce mineral availability before absorption occurs, limiting nutrient utilization despite adequate inclusion levels

Organic Trace Minerals: A Category, Not a Chemistry
To help improve mineral bio-availability, the industry increasingly adopted organic trace minerals. However, the term “organic trace mineral” can create confusion. Some assume that all OTMs provide similar benefits because they belong to the same category. In reality, organic trace minerals represent a broad group of products that may differ substantially in:
· Ligand type
· Ligand-to-mineral ratio
· Molecular structure
· Bonding characteristics
· Electrical charge of the molecule
· Stability in Upper Digestive Tract
These differences influence how minerals behave in the gastrointestinal tract and how effectively they remain available for absorption. In other words, two products may both be labelled as organic trace minerals while functioning very differently inside the bird.

Why Chelation Matters
Among organic trace minerals, one class stands out from the others: bis-chelates. The word chelate originates from the Greek word chela, meaning crab claw or pincer. Similar to two crabs holding a metal securely giving it the maximum protection a Chelate forms when a ligand connects to a metal atom at more than two points. A 2 five member rings connected to the metal with two points of contact is the most stable complex found in nature. This structure helps provide protection compared with less defined mineral associations. However, not all organic trace minerals are true chelates. True chelates require a neutral charge to protect the mineral and enhance stability. Not all organic trace minerals (OTMs) provide a neutral charge; therefore, not all OTMs are true chelates. Some products are better described as complexes, proteinates, or other association forms. While they are still classified as organic trace minerals, they can differ significantly in chemical stability and behavior during digestion. The degree of protection provided by the mineral structure ultimately determines how vulnerable the mineral may be to antagonistic interactions.
Differences exist among chelates, too. There are chelates where one ligand is bound to the metal and then there are bis-chelates where two ligands are bound, creating a neutral charge and making the molecule less susceptible to antagonism. (see image)

Why Molecular Structure Matters
Research continues to demonstrate that mineral structure influences stability and bio-availability. When minerals dissociate during digestion, they become charged ions that are more likely to interact with negatively charged compounds such as phytate, fiber complexes and other minerals. These interactions can reduce availability before absorption occurs.

For this reason, increasing attention is being given to mineral structures specifically designed to maintain stability throughout digestion. One such approach is bis-chelation technology.

Bis-chelated trace minerals are characterized by a defined molecular structure consisting of one mineral ion bound to two ligands, creating two stable chelate rings. This unique architecture helps maintain structural integrity while moving through the digestive tract.
An equally important feature is their neutral molecular charge. Because neutrally charged molecules are less likely to participate in unwanted interactions, the structure helps protect the mineral, reducing opportunities for antagonism and supporting mineral availability until absorption occurs.

Bis-chelated trace minerals feature a defined molecular structure designed to support stability and mineral availability during digestion.

The Future of Trace Mineral Nutrition
As poultry production evolves, mineral nutrition must evolve with it. The industry’s next opportunity may not come from increasing mineral inclusion rates but from improving how effectively minerals are utilized by the bird. This requires looking beyond product categories and focusing on the scientific characteristics that influence mineral availability. Organic trace minerals can provide significant advantages over traditional inorganic sources. However, not all organic trace minerals are created equal. Their molecular structure matters. Their stability matters. And ultimately, their ability to deliver minerals to the animal matters.

As nutritionists continue searching for ways to improve performance consistency, skeletal integrity, meat quality, and return on investment, bis-chelated trace minerals are an increasingly important technology because they combine defined structure, enhanced stability, and optimized bioavailability into a scientifically designed mineral solution.

Contact your local NOVUS representative to learn more about bis-chelated trace minerals from the company that brought the technology to the animal agriculture industry over 20 years ago.

Balancing Air Quality in Poultry Houses: Tackling Ammonia and Humidity for Health and Productivity

Dr. Pawar Rutik Namdev1 (MVSc Scholar), Dr. Shipra Tiwari1 (MVSc Scholar),
Dr. Mahendra Kumar Patel1 (Ph.D Scholar)
1College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU Mathura (281001), India

Abstract
The environment within poultry houses plays a decisive role in the overall health, performance, and welfare of birds. Among various factors, the concentration of ammonia (NH₃) and the level of relative humidity (RH) are the most critical. Ammonia, released from the microbial breakdown of waste, and excessive humidity, which influences litter moisture, often work together to create poor air quality. This review highlights how these two factors are produced, their combined impact on broilers and layers, and outlines practical approaches for monitoring and management to maintain profitability and bird well-being.

1. Introduction
For poultry farmers, achieving optimal productivity requires not just good feed and genetics, but also maintaining a favorable environment inside the house. Air quality, ventilation, and litter condition all directly affect flock health. Ammonia gas and humidity levels are particularly important, as they can significantly influence bird growth, egg production, immune strength, and overall welfare. Excessive ammonia harms the respiratory tract, reduces feed intake, and lowers growth efficiency, while uncontrolled humidity leads to wet litter, higher ammonia emissions, and disease outbreaks. To ensure healthy flocks, ammonia should ideally be kept below 20–25 ppm and RH within 50–70%.

2. How Ammonia and Humidity Build Up
2.1 Generation of Ammonia
Ammonia is created naturally when uric acid in droppings is decomposed by bacteria. The process is intensified under warm, moist, and alkaline conditions. The type of litter material, stocking density, feed composition (especially protein levels), and frequency of manure removal all influence ammonia levels. Houses with poor cleaning routines or high moisture accumulation often experience higher NH₃ concentrations.

2.2 Role of Humidity
Humidity directly controls litter moisture content. High RH slows the evaporation of water from bedding, resulting in wet litter that promotes microbial activity and ammonia release. Conversely, very low RH increases dust particles in the air, which irritates the birds’ airways. Thus, moisture management is closely tied to controlling ammonia levels.

3. Impacts on Bird Health and Physiology
3.1 Respiratory Effects
Ammonia acts as a strong irritant to the respiratory tract. Continuous exposure damages the trachea and air sacs, reducing the ability of cilia to filter pathogens. Birds exposed to more than 20–25 ppm are more prone to respiratory diseases such as Newcastle, bronchitis, and Mycoplasma infections. Vaccination responses also tend to decline.

3.2 Eye and Skin Irritation
Chronic exposure to ammonia causes conjunctivitis, watery eyes, and corneal damage. High RH contributes to wet litter that leads to footpad dermatitis, hock burns, and breast blisters—all of which compromise welfare and reduce carcass quality at processing.

3.3 Growth and Feed Efficiency
High levels of ammonia reduce appetite, slow weight gain, and impair feed conversion. Even a small increase in feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly raises production costs, especially in large flocks. Performance losses become severe when ammonia concentrations exceed 50 ppm for prolonged periods.

3.4 Immunity
Birds raised in poor air quality often show weaker immune responses. Prolonged exposure to ammonia not only stresses birds but also reduces antibody production after vaccination, leaving them vulnerable to disease outbreaks.

3.5 Egg Production
In layer flocks, poor litter conditions and elevated ammonia cause stress, leading to reduced laying rates, smaller egg size, and poor shell quality. Mortality may also rise due to an increased risk of secondary infections.

4. The Combined Impact of Ammonia and Humidity
Although ammonia and humidity can each harm poultry, their combination is especially damaging. High RH makes litter wetter, which in turn boosts ammonia emissions. Humid air also traps ammonia at bird level, ensuring birds inhale more of it. Together, these conditions encourage respiratory infections, coccidiosis outbreaks, poor weight gain, higher mortality, and overall production losses.

5. Monitoring Levels
5.1 Threshold Values
Ammonia: Should remain below 20–25 ppm (ideally closer to 10 ppm). Birds show signs of irritation even at levels humans may not detect by smell.

Relative Humidity: Best maintained between 50–70%. RH above 75% promotes wet litter, while RH below 40% leads to dust and dehydration.

5.2 Measurement Tools
Ammonia: Can be monitored using portable gas detectors, color tubes, or continuous electronic sensors.
Humidity: Inexpensive hygrometers placed at bird height provide reliable readings and are often integrated into automatic ventilation systems.

6. Strategies for Control
6.1 Ventilation
Proper ventilation ensures air exchange, dilutes gases, and removes excess moisture.

In cold weather: minimum ventilation prevents humidity build-up without chilling the birds. fans and circulation systems increase air movement and reduce heat stress.

6.2 Litter Management
Maintaining dry litter is essential. Turning litter, replacing wet spots, using absorbent bedding materials, and preventing drinker leaks are key practices. Chemical litter amendments such as alum or sodium bisulfate can reduce pH, minimizing ammonia release.

6.3 Nutrition
Adjusting feed formulations to match amino acid requirements reduces nitrogen excretion. Enzyme supplements and probiotics may also improve digestion and reduce ammonia in manure.

6.4 Housing Design
Well-insulated poultry houses with good drainage and properly installed nipple drinkers minimize litter moisture. Preventing condensation on walls and ceilings also helps keep humidity under control.

6.5 Advanced Methods
Technologies like air scrubbers, biofilters, or controlled ozone applications are being tested for large commercial units. Automated environmental control systems that integrate NH₃ and RH sensors with fans and heaters are becoming increasingly popular.

7. Economic Importance
Poor air quality silently eats into farm profits. Lower feed efficiency, reduced weight gain, carcass downgrades, increased mortality, and higher veterinary costs all add up to significant economic losses. Studies show that ammonia-related performance drops can cost large poultry complexes thousands of dollars weekly. Investing in better litter management, ventilation, and nutritional adjustments often proves cost-effective in the long run.

8. Evidence and Case Studies
Field surveys often reveal ammonia exceeding safe levels during winter when ventilation is minimized, leading to higher respiratory issues and welfare concerns. Controlled trials consistently show that birds exposed to even moderate ammonia (20–30 ppm) suffer from lower growth rates, poorer immune response, and more lesions compared to those raised under optimal conditions. Interventions such as litter acidifiers, improved diet formulations, and enhanced ventilation schedules have been shown to significantly reduce ammonia emissions and improve performance.

9. Recommendations for Farmers
– Check RH daily: maintain between 50–70%.
– Monitor ammonia regularly: aim for <20 ppm.
– Fix water leaks immediately to avoid wet litter.
– Adjust ventilation by season to balance temperature, RH, and air quality.
– Work with a nutritionist to optimize protein levels in diets.
– Use litter amendments wisely to reduce ammonia emissions.

10. Future Outlook
The integration of smart sensors and artificial intelligence into poultry housing systems may soon allow farmers to predict ammonia build-up and adjust ventilation automatically. Further research is needed to quantify the long-term welfare and production benefits of advanced technologies and to make them affordable for small- and medium-scale farmers.

11. Conclusion
Ammonia and humidity are closely linked environmental challenges in poultry houses. Both negatively affect bird health, welfare, and productivity when not controlled. Together, they magnify each other’s harmful effects, resulting in economic losses and compromised flock performance. Regular monitoring, proactive litter and ventilation management, balanced nutrition, and modern environmental control tools are essential for maintaining a healthy environment. Addressing these issues not only supports profitability but also improves animal welfare, ensuring sustainable poultry production.

In today’s poultry industry, two factors play a decisive role in ensuring profitable, sustainable, and disease-free production:

Water Treatment and Biosecurity.
Together, they safeguard flock health, enhance performance, and reduce dependence on antibiotics.

1. Water Treatment in Poultry
Water is often called the “forgotten nutrient,” yet it is the most critical element in poultry production. Birds consume twice as much water as feed, and any compromise in water quality directly impacts growth, egg production, and immunity.

Key Challenges in Water Quality
– Microbial contamination: Bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella spread through untreated water.
– Biofilm formation: Organic residues in pipelines harbor pathogens.
– Chemical impurities: High TDS, hardness, iron, or nitrates affect digestion and performance.
– pH imbalance: Acidic or alkaline water reduces feed intake. Water Treatment Practices
– Filtration to remove physical impurities.
– Acidification to maintain pH (5.5–6.5) and inhibit bacterial growth.
– Chlorination / Hydrogen Peroxide / Ozone for disinfection.
– Regular waterline flushing to prevent biofilm buildup.
– Monitoring TDS, hardness, and microbial load routinely.

2. Biosecurity in Poultry
Biosecurity means preventing disease entry and spread on the farm. With rising concerns about Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and the push toward antibiotic-free production, biosecurity has become more important than ever.

Three Levels of Biosecurity
1. Conceptual Biosecurity – Farm location, distance from other poultry units, controlled entry points.
2. Structural Biosecurity – Physical barriers, fencing, bird-proof sheds, water sanitation system.
3. Operational Biosecurity – Day-to-day practices like disinfection, vaccination, and visitor control.

Practical Biosecurity Measures
– Restrict farm access (only authorized persons allowed).
– Provide footbaths, hand sanitizers, and farm clothing.
– Disinfect vehicles, crates, and equipment before entry.
– Implement rodent and wild bird control programs.
– Maintain strict mortality disposal methods (incineration/composting).
– Regular vaccination and health monitoring.
– Keep detailed farm records for traceability.

3. Water Treatment + Biosecurity = Sustainable Poultry
While water treatment ensures internal health and performance, biosecurity provides external protection from infections. Both are complementary and essential.
– Clean water reduces gut-related diseases like colibacillosis and diarrhoea.
– Biosecurity reduces the risk of respiratory and viral infections.
– Together, they help in antibiotic-free poultry production, improve FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio), enhance bird welfare, and boost farmer profitability.

Water Quality Monitoring & Water-Borne Diseases in Poultry

Diagram shows that, the source of water we need to check, Ph, TDS, COLOUR, BACTERIA & VIRAL LOAD. This water will go to overhead tank & from there it will distribute to different Poultry shed tanks & through pipe & nipple it will available for birds, here we need to monitor the quality of water.

Importance of Water Sanitation in Poultry Production
In modern poultry production, the use of feed additives such as water and feed acidifiers, toxin binders, probiotics, and antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) is a common recommendation by poultry nutritionists. Farmers are also increasingly incorporating low-cost protein sources like Rice DDGS, Maize DDGS, and Meat Meal (sometimes adulterated with leather powder) to reduce feed costs.

However, ignoring water sanitation remains one of the most critical mistakes in poultry farming. Even with balanced feed formulation and additives, if the water provided to the birds is contaminated, it results in:
• Loose droppings due to microbial contamination.
• Poor nutrient absorption – birds fail to utilize protein, energy, minerals, and vitamins in the diet.
• Increased incidence of diseases such as E. coli infections and Salpingitis.
• Weakened immunity and consequently poor production performance.

In contrast, a farm with proper water sanitation shows remarkable differences. For example, in one of my ideally managed farms, the birds consistently showed dry droppings (“DRY BEAT”), a clear indicator of good gut health and proper nutrient absorption. This success was achieved through:
• Regular water sanitation practices (disinfection, acidification, and monitoring).
• Ensuring feed hygiene along with the use of safe, food-grade raw materials.
• Strict biosecurity and management protocols.

Safe Water Treatment – A Farmer’s Responsibility

Many farmers currently use different chemicals such as chlorine gas, bleaching powder, and sodium hypochlorite for water treatment. They are not safe for poultry or humans. These compounds often leave harmful residues, alter water taste, reduce consumption, and may even add toxic by-products into the water. According to WHO guidelines, only food and pharmaceutical grade salt should be used for drinking water treatment — both for humans and poultry. The safest and globally recommended option is NaDCC (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate), which ensures:
• Broad spectrum disinfection with very effective bacterial control
• Safe for poultry & human consumption
• No significant change in taste or odour
• Eco-friendly & easy handling
• Stable and longer shelf life compared to other chlorine sources

Using sub-standard chemicals not only compromises poultry performance (loose droppings, poor nutrient absorption, higher
disease load, chlorine toxicity) but also risks human food safety through residues in meat and eggs.
Key Impact: Farmers must understand that safe water treatment is not about the cheapest chemical, but about using WHO- recommended, food & pharma grade NaDCC for long-term health, productivity, and profitability.

Note: Why NaDCC (Food & Pharma Grade) is Always Better.

Among all the available chlorine-base compounds for water sanitation, Food & Pharma grade Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is the safest and most effective choice.

• WHO Recommended – Approved for safe drinking water treatment globally.
• Broad Spectrum Effectiveness – Provides strong and stable disinfection (48 hours’ stability).
• Safe for Birds & Humans – No harmful residues, no significant change in taste or odor.
• Eco-Friendly – No toxic by-products or sludge formation.
• Long Shelf Life – Up to 3 years, with easy effervescent tablet formulation.
• Ease of Use – Simple handling, no heavy cylinders or high manpower required.
• Therefore, NaDCC (Food & Pharma Grade) is always better than chlorine gas, bleaching powder, sodium hypochlorite, or halozone for ensuring Zero-Bacteria Water in poultry Farms.

Conclusion
In poultry management, prevention is always better than cure. Poultry farming success is not just about what we feed the birds, but also about the quality of water they drink every single day. Feed can be fortified, sheds can be modernized, but without clean water and strict sanitation, the full genetic potential of the flock can never be realized. Water is the simplest yet most powerful tool to secure healthy birds, higher productivity, and long-term profitability. Water treatment and biosecurity are not costs but investments that return multiple benefits in productivity, profitability, and sustainability.

Poultry excreta comprises undigested feed protein and uric acid, which microbial enzymes convert to ammonia (NH3). Several litter characteristics, including pH, temperature, oxygen, moisture concentrations, and substrate availability, influence this conversion. The recommended limit for ammonia in a chicken shed is less than 10 ppm, however, up to 25 ppm is not detrimental. Ideally, the relative humidity should range between 50 and 70%. The rainy season, defective foggers, insufficient ventilation, water leaks, and other factors all contribute to increased humidity inside the shed.

Ammonia levels and humidity in poultry houses are interconnected. High relative humidity can exacerbate the adverse effects of high blood ammonia levels in poultry. In humid environments, more NH3 may be dissolved in the air droplets and inhaled into the blood during respiration by birds, consequently increasing the blood ammonia content. When ammonia gas is exposed to moisture, it reacts and forms a corrosive solution called ammonium which causes harm to birds. Additionally, high humidity can hinder the evaporation of moisture from the litter, causing it to retain more ammonia.

Deleterious Effects on Poultry:
1. Respiratory Issues: High levels of ammonia in the poultry house air can cause respiratory problems for the birds. Ammonia gas affects the trachea’s mucosal surface, causing paralysis of cilia, sometimes deciliation of epithelial cells, and causes necrosis of the mucosal epithelium.
2. Foot Lesions: The constant exposure of poultry to ammonia can cause severe foot lesions by causing chemical burns on the foot pads of birds, leading to painful and debilitating footpad dermatitis.
3. Eye Lesions: High concentrations of atmospheric ammonia for a prolonged duration causes irritation, conjunctivitis, and damage to the cornea of the eyes. Swelling and reddening of the eyelids, irritation, reddening of the conjunctiva and nictitating membrane, and partial or complete closure of the eyes are common clinical signs.
4. Reduced performance.

How to prevent it:
Along with farming management like dietary management, stocking density, proper ventilation, house temperature, litter management, etc., other supplements like Phytogenic Feed Additives can be supplemented in a poultry diet. A phytogenic feed additive increases the digestibility of nutrients within the gastrointestinal tract and reduces the gut inflammation caused by stressors.

Thereby may considerably increase the gut integrity of the birds. Phytogenic feed additives also alter gut microflora, minimizing the adverse effect of harmful bacteria on the gut. Less undigested and unabsorbed nutrients will be excreted through faeces from a healthy gut, which means less nitrogen excretion.

STODI, a Standardized Botanical Powder, is crafted with scientifically selected herbs improving the efficiency of feed utilization and overall performance of the birds. In various studies, it has been found that STODI supplementation has significantly reduced litter nitrogen (g/100g of litter) as compared to group without supplementation. STODI maintains the gut integrity and peristaltic movement of the gut which increases time for the protein and other nutrient utilization by the birds. This increased protein utilization leads to reduced excretion reduced excretion of nitrogen which in turn decreases the production of ammonia level in litter. Along with this STODI has shown to improve the gut microbiota level and gut immunity of the birds.

In conclusion, the combined impact of ammonia and humidity in the world of poultry farming underscores the critical importance of maintaining a balanced and controlled environment for the well-being and productivity of the birds. High levels of ammonia in poultry houses can lead to a range of deleterious effects. STODI, a polyherbal formulation has shown to reduce the ammonia level in litter with improved nutrient utilization and gut microbiota balance.

Mycotoxins in the food chain: Understanding risks and exploring mitigation strategies

By: Dr. Maloshrie Bora, Program Manager – Feed Safety, Trouw Nutrition South Asia

The safety of animal feed is increasingly compromised by a confluence of global challenges, notably mycotoxin contamination. These toxic metabolites, produced by molds such as Aspergillus and Fusarium, pose significant health risks to livestock and, by extension, to humans consuming animal products. Contributing factors include a shortage of quality raw materials, exacerbated by supply chain bottlenecks and geopolitical disruptions. Climate change further intensifies the issue by altering temperature and precipitation patterns, creating favorable conditions for mold growth and mycotoxin production. Additionally, inadequate storage and transportation facilities, often lacking proper ventilation and climate control, facilitate the proliferation of these harmful fungi. Together, these elements underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate mycotoxin risks and ensure feed safety.

Even the smallest lapse in post-harvest handling can swiftly trigger the formation of harmful secondary metabolites like mycotoxins. Factors such as delayed drying, inadequate moisture control, and poor storage conditions can create an environment conducive to fungal growth, leading to rapid mycotoxin accumulation. For instance, aflatoxin contamination in maize has been linked to improper drying and storage practices, highlighting the critical importance of stringent post-harvest management to ensure food safety.

Mycotoxin contamination poses a significant threat to various stakeholders in the agricultural and food sectors, including farmers, feed producers, food processors, public authorities, and end consumers. These toxic compounds adversely affect animal health by impairing the gastrointestinal tract, suppressing the immune system, and disrupting nutrient absorption, leading to decreased productivity and increased susceptibility to diseases. Implementing a comprehensive 360-degree mitigation strategy—encompassing prevention, detection, regulation, and education—can effectively address this multifaceted issue and safeguard public health and economic interests.

The “Big 6” mycotoxins—aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol (DON), and T2 toxin—are among the most prevalent and toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds affecting agricultural commodities. These toxins impact various species differently; for instance, aflatoxins primarily affect liver function in mammals, while zearalenone exhibits estrogenic effects leading to reproductive issues in ruminants and pigs.

The incidence and severity of mycotoxin contamination are influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall, which can create conducive conditions for mold growth and toxin production. Not all mycotoxins are equally toxic across species; for example, DON is highly toxic to swine, whereas poultry are less affected. Climate change exacerbates the problem by altering weather patterns, potentially increasing the prevalence and distribution of mycotoxins in crops.

Aflatoxins occur worldwide in feed and feed stuffs which results in severe economic loss to poultry and livestock industries. The extent of Aflatoxin contamination varies with geographic location, farming methods and the susceptibility of commodities to fungal invasion during pre-harvest, storage, and processing periods. Numerous studies showed negative effects of Aflatoxin in broiler chickens including a decrease in the efficiency of feed utilization and body weight gain, liver damage, poor immune response, and increased mortality. Aflatoxin is shown to induce pathological alterations in important organs such as the liver, kidneys, and lymphoid organs. Furthermore, the transmission of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) and its metabolites from feed to animal edible tissues and products, such as the liver and eggs, becomes particularly important as a potential hazard for human health. Given the global economic importance of Aflatoxin, many strategies have been tried to minimize their negative impact. A successful prevention strategy must be economical and capable of eliminating all traces of toxin without leaving harmful residues and should not impair the nutritional quality of the commodities. Extensive research has been carried out using adsorbent (binder) materials that adsorbs to Aflatoxin molecule by means of ion exchange and thereby preventing their absorption into blood circulation. Among various binding agents, clays and yeast cell wall materials are the most tested. Silicates are the main group of clays that are studied extensively in terms of Aflatoxin binding. These include tectosilicates (zeolites), 1:1 phyllosilicates (kaolinite), 2:1 phyllosilicates (smectites, vermiculites, chlorites, micas) and sepiolite. All silicates, however, are not the same in terms of their ability to bind Aflatoxin and among the above, smectites have shown greater binding efficacy against Aflatoxin. The ability of smectite clays to bind mycotoxins depends on pH in the gut, molecular arrangements, and its geographic region of origin. Smectite clays possess high Aflatoxin adsorption capacity due to its high surface area, ion exchange capacity, and ability to swell in the presence of water, and the efficacy has been proven in vivo in broiler chickens. The leading hypothesis on the bonding mechanism between adsorbed aflatoxins and smectites is the electron donor–acceptor (EDA) model. Other models such as selective chemisorption, H-bonding, and bonding through furan rings were proposed.

The supplementation of smectite clay in feed to aflatoxin challenged broilers considerably reduced the magnitude of toxic effects of aflatoxin and improved growth and immune response. Hence, smectite clay could be successively used in feed to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxins in broiler chickens.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are ones of the most common and dangerous mycotoxins. AFB1, produced mainly by Aspergillus, is one of the most poisonous toxins, which is classified as Group I carcinogen by the World Health Organization due to its hepatoxicity, immunotoxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity on variety of animals. DON, produced by many Fusarium molds, contamination in feeds induces anorexia, emesis, and damage to intestinal barrier and immune function in animals through suppressing the synthesis of nucleic and proteins . OTA, a toxic metabolite from Aspergillus and Penicillium molds, possesses hepatoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, immunotoxic, and teratogenic effects on liver and kidney. Long-term epidemiological investigations have shown that most of the global feed is exposed to more than one mycotoxin, and mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed is a worldwide problem. Meanwhile, when three mycotoxins co-existed in the poultry feeds, their interaction have been further associated with significant alterations in the productivity and profitability of animals. Therefore, development of remediation strategies to prevent or mitigate the mycotoxicosis is imperative.

Trouw Nutrition’s TOXO® range offers a suite of mycotoxin binders designed to mitigate the negative effects of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed. These products are formulated to support animal health and performance by reducing the bioavailability of harmful mycotoxins.
These products are part of Trouw Nutrition’s comprehensive approach to mycotoxin risk management, aiming to ensure feed safety and optimize animal health and performance.

TOXO®-MX: Precision for Aflatoxins
TOXO®-MX is a specialized binder formulated to combat aflatoxins, particularly Aflatoxin B1, which can adversely affect dairy cows and other livestock. By incorporating purified smectite clays, TOXO®-MX effectively reduces the bioavailability of aflatoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. This reduction leads to a significant decrease in the excretion of Aflatoxin M1 in milk, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and safeguarding consumer health. Additionally, TOXO®-MX enhances feed efficiency, as evidenced by improved milk production per kilogram of dry matter ingested in dairy cows.

TOXO®-XL: Comprehensive Protection Against Fusarium Mycotoxins
TOXO®-XL is an advanced binder designed to address the challenges posed by Fusarium-related mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes and fumonisins. This product combines smectite clays with specifically selected glucose biopolymers and purified β-glucans, which work synergistically to reinforce intestinal barrier function and modulate the immune response. The result is a comprehensive solution that not only binds and eliminates mycotoxins but also mitigates performance impairments caused by their exposure.

TOXO®: Broad-Spectrum Mycotoxin Binder
TOXO® serves as a versatile, broad-spectrum mycotoxin binder suitable for various animal species. It utilizes smectite clays to effectively reduce the bioavailability of a wide range of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and zearalenone. By preventing the absorption of these toxins, TOXO® helps maintain animal health and performance, making it an essential component of comprehensive mycotoxin risk management strategies.
Collectively, the TOXO® product range represents a holistic approach to mycotoxin risk management, integrating advanced scientific formulations to protect animal health and ensure the safety of the food chain.

Poultry production is one of the most advanced agricultural industries, playing a key role in the global food supply. While the poultry industry works to meet the rising demand for high-quality protein, the availability and cost of feed ingredients remain significant challenges for the poultry sector. Poultry feed accounts for more than 70% of total production costs, making it the largest expense in poultry farming. Fluctuations in the prices of key ingredients like corn and soybean meal, driven by global markets and climate conditions, significantly impact feed costs. Moreover, dependency on corn and oil as major energy sources in poultry feed, along with competition for these commodities from biofuel and human food industries, further drives prices up the poultry feed cost.

• Rapid & fast growth -Where important amounts of ATP are absorbed for protein synthesis
• Excitement or stress – Not only for escape but also for macrophages to fight pathogens
• Low oxygen supply – Leading to low ATP production
• Disturbed energy metabolism -Impaired mitochondrial function (Oxidative stress)
• Low feed consumption especially in extreme summer

• GAA has been officially registered as an animal feed additive by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2009; 2022) & the US-FDA (U. S. Food and Drug Administration)
• GAA supplements account for 40% less cost compared to creatine.
• GAA exerts many non-creatine roles, including the stimulation of insulin secretion, neuromodulation, and vasodilation.
• GAA has an arginine-sparing potential of up to 149% in broilers, thus arginine is more readily available for metabolic processes other than GAA production