Launch of Advanced Mycotoxin Management Solutions – Antox Plus & Antox Precise
Nanovet Nutrition Pvt. Ltd., a fast-growing and innovation-driven animal nutrition company in India, proudly announces its strategic collaboration with nu.ance Biotechnology, Switzerland, a global leader in science-backed mycotoxins management solutions. This partnership marks a significant milestone in Nanovet’s journey to bring globally validated, high-performance nutritional technologies to the Indian poultry industry.

As part of this collaboration, Nanovet Nutrition has introduced two advanced toxin-management solutions to the Indian market—Antox Plus and Antox Precise.

Antox Plus offers comprehensive protection by targeting Mycotoxins, Endotoxins, and Chemical toxins, addressing the broader spectrum of feed-borne challenges.

Antox Precise is a highly selective solution dedicated exclusively to mycotoxin management, ensuring precise binding without compromising essential nutrients.

Together, these innovations strengthen feed safety, support animal health and performance, and enhance profitability for farmers and integrators.

Successful Multi-City Launch Events Across India
To mark the official launch of Antox Plus and Antox Precise, Nanovet Nutrition successfully conducted a series of launch events across three strategic poultry hubs in North India. These events witnessed enthusiastic participation from poultry farmers, integrators, veterinarians, consultants, distributors, and industry professionals.
Launch Event Details
· 15th December – Karnal
Venue: Vivaan Hotel, Karnal
· 17th December – Pathankot
Venue: Zone by The Park, Pathankot
· 19th December – Lucknow
Venue: Holiday Inn, Lucknow

Each event served as a dedicated knowledge-sharing platform focusing on Mycotoxin, Endotoxin and Chemical toxin risk management, field challenges, and innovative nutritional interventions aligned with Indian feeding practices.

Strong Technical Leadership & Global Expertise
The launch programs were successfully conducted by the Nanovet Nutrition team, led by experienced technical and commercial professionals who shared valuable insights on Toxins prevalence, impact on poultry performance, and the scientific advantages of Antox Plus and Antox Precise.

Nanovet Nutrition Team
· Dr. Deepak Singh – Technical Director
· Dr. Karthiga Kesavan– Product Manager
· Deepak Solanki- Regional Sales Manager-North
· Dr. Anirudh Ahlawat- Technical Service Manager- North
· Dedicated regional sales team members

nu.ance Biotechnology Team
· Dr. David Harrington – Chief Product Officer
· Mr. J. S. Uppal – Business Director, South Asia
Their presence reinforced the strength of the collaboration and highlighted nu.ance’s commitment to supporting Indian poultry producers with proven, research-driven solutions.

Antox Plus & Antox Precise – Science That Delivers Results
Antox Plus and Antox Precise are formulated using advanced adsorption and biotransformation technologies, developed through extensive global research and validated under diverse field conditions.

Key benefits include:
· Broad-spectrum Mycotoxins, Endotoxins and Chemical Toxins binder.
· Improved gut health and nutrient utilization.
· Enhanced flock performance and consistency.
· Reduced economic losses linked to mycotoxins.
These products are specifically adapted to Indian raw material variability, making them reliable solutions for modern poultry challenges.

Strengthening Nanovet’s Commitment to the Indian Poultry Industry
The successful execution of the multi-city launch events reflects Nanovet Nutrition’s strong field connect, technical capability, and commitment to delivering value-driven solutions. The collaboration with nu.ance Biotechnology further strengthens Nanovet’s product portfolio and reinforces its position as a trusted partner for poultry producers across India.

Nanovet Nutrition continues to focus on innovation, quality, and farmer-centric solutions, bridging global science with local expertise to support sustainable and profitable animal production.

Nanovet Nutrition Pvt. Ltd. – Turning Ideas into Innovations.

Breathing Trouble: A Glimpse into the World of CRD in Poultry
India ranks second globally in egg production and fifth in poultry meat production. The Indian poultry market, despite being one of the largest globally, remains a developing sector due to its fragmented infrastructure, inconsistent biosecurity standards, and varying degrees of modernization across regions.

A significant portion of poultry production still relies on open housing systems, limited automation, and minimal veterinary oversight, especially among smallholder and backyard farmers. These conditions foster high disease prevalence, as poor sanitation, overcrowding, and lack of structured vaccination programs create ideal environments for the spread of infectious agents like Mycoplasma gallisepticum, E. coli, and coccidia. Consequently, the industry faces substantial economic losses through reduced productivity, higher mortality, increased medication costs, and trade restrictions. Bridging the gap between traditional practices and scientific poultry management is critical for improving flock health and sustaining long-term growth.

One Breath at a Time: Poultry Farmers Battle Chronic Respiratory Disease

Before any effective fight against Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) can begin, the poultry industry must first understand the enemy it faces. CRD is not just another seasonal illness—it’s a complex, persistent infection primarily caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum, capable of silently spreading through flocks and leaving devastating economic consequences in its wake. Its symptoms often mimic those of other respiratory illnesses, making early detection a challenge. Without a clear understanding of its pathogenesis, transmission, and triggers, efforts to control CRD remain reactive and insufficient. Knowledge is the first line of defense—only with education, diagnosis, and structured prevention can farmers hope to break the cycle of recurring outbreaks. The battle against CRD must begin with awareness and be fought with science, vigilance, and unity across the industry.

Unmasking the Culprit: The Hidden Cause of CRD in Poultry

CRD is caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), a wall-less bacterium that affects the respiratory tract of poultry. Secondary infections with Escherichia coli, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, and viral pathogens (NDV, IBV) often exacerbate disease severity.

Silent Spread: How CRD Continues to Lurk in Poultry Farms
CRD in poultry, caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum, spreads through both horizontal and vertical transmission. Infected birds release the pathogen via respiratory secretions, contaminating air, water, feed, and equipment. Vertical transmission from breeder hens to chicks via eggs further fuels early infection. Recovered birds often remain silent carriers, shedding the organism under stress. This makes CRD hard to eradicate and highlights the need for strong biosecurity, breeder screening, and flock management to control its spread.

How CRD Takes Hold: Understanding the Disease’s Journey in Poultry
The pathogenesis of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in poultry begins when birds inhale aerosolized Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the primary causative agent. The pathogen adheres to the ciliated epithelial cells lining the upper respiratory tract, disrupting the mucociliary clearance mechanism. This allows the bacteria to colonize and multiply, triggering a chronic inflammatory response that leads to thick mucus secretion, tracheitis, and air-sacculitis. The damaged respiratory lining also becomes highly susceptible to secondary bacterial infections, particularly from E. coli, compounding respiratory distress and systemic illness.

In commercial poultry, stress factors such as poor ventilation, high stocking density, and concurrent viral infections (like IBV or NDV) can further exacerbate disease progression, resulting in reduced growth rates, poor feed conversion, decreased egg production, and increased mortality.

Signs & Symptoms with Postmortem (PM) Findings
CRD in poultry typically presents with a range of respiratory signs that can vary in severity based on age, immune status, and presence of co-infections. Common clinical signs include coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, tracheal rales, conjunctivitis, reduced feed intake, stunted growth, and a noticeable drop in egg production in layers. Birds may also exhibit open-mouth breathing and watery eyes. In chronic stages, swelling of infraorbital sinuses and air-sacculitis becomes evident. On postmortem examination, the most consistent findings include thickened, cloudy air sacs (airsacculitis), catarrhal to caseous exudate in the trachea and bronchi, perihepatitis, pericarditis, and fibrinous pneumonia. In cases complicated by secondary infections like E. coli, lesions become more severe, showing a classic “CRD complex.”

Integrated Strategy to Fight CRD
An integrated CRD control strategy combines biosecurity, vaccination, early detection, nutritional support, and precision medication.

Preventive Phase: Reducing the Latent Load
Forlutin 10% (Tiamulin 10%) a high-quality feed additive by Stallen South Asia Pvt. Ltd. serves as the cornerstone for preventive management. Administering it to growers between 7 to 14 weeks of age or just before expected stress periods such as vaccination or peak lay helps reduce the latent load of Mycoplasma. This approach prepares the flock by lowering the pathogen load before the birds reach a vulnerable stage.

Outbreak Management: When Clinical Signs Appear
At the onset of clinical signs indicative of Mycoplasmosis, immediate action is required. Stalmicosin (Tilmicosin Phosphate 250mg) oral solution – a high-quality product manufactured by Stallen South Asia Pvt. Ltd. in its own manufacturing facility to ensure the highest Quality standards, administered via drinking water at 15–20 mg/kg body weight, is highly effective due to its deep lung penetration and prolonged action. This should be continued for 3 to 5 days but not exceeded.

Following the Stalmicosin course, a 24–48hour break should be observed before beginning treatment with Forlutin 80% (Tiamulin 80%) water soluble powder. A dosage of 25–50 mg/kg body weight for another 3 to 5 days helps eliminate residual Mycoplasma and prevents recurrence. Integrating these antimicrobials into a scheduled rotation can significantly reduce disease recurrence and resistance development.

Monitoring and Biosecurity: Supporting the Antimicrobial Strategy
Surveillance using PCR and ELISA tests at regular intervals is vital to detect Mycoplasma presence, especially during and after stress periods. Swab sampling and necropsy examinations for lesions such as air sacculitis or swollen joints provide further evidence. Strict biosecurity—enforcing all-in/all-out practices, staff segregation, and regular disinfection using NADCC, quaternary ammonium compounds, or glutaraldehyde—is essential to support the medical interventions.

References
1. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science & Poultry Health, 2023. Comparative Efficacy of Antibiotics in CRD.
2. Practical Poultry Guide, Vol 18, 2024 – Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Poultry Pathogens.
4. McOrist et al. (2002) – Tilmicosin pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in avian models.
5. Poultry Science Journal, 2022 – Mycoplasma Control Strategies in South Asia.

1. Introduction

1.Moisture and Microbial Proliferation
Water Activity (aw): Microbial proliferation, particularly of fungi and bacteria, is predominantly influenced by water activity rather than total moisture content. Most spoilage microorganisms exhibit optimal growth when water activity exceeds 0.70.
Fungal and Mold Contamination: Elevated moisture levels create a favourable environment for the growth of molds such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, significantly increasing the risk of mycotoxin production and contamination.
Bacterial Growth: Excessive moisture also promotes bacterial multiplication, including pathogenic species like Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens, posing serious risks to feed safety and animal health.

2. Moisture and Microbial Proliferation
2.1 Water Activity vs. Moisture Content
A clear distinction must be made between moisture content and water activity (aw) when assessing feed safety. Moisture content represents the total quantity of water present in feed, typically expressed as a percentage. Conversely, water activity refers to the proportion of free, unbound water available for microbial growth. This means that even feed with a moderate moisture level can have a sufficiently high water activity to support microbial proliferation.
– Bacteria generally require a water activity level greater than 0.90 to sustain growth.
– Molds and yeasts can proliferate at water activity levels as low as 0.70.
– Feed spoilage tends to accelerate when moisture content exceeds 12–13%, though this threshold may vary depending on storage temperature and duration.

2.2 Molds and Mycotoxin Contamination
Mold growth poses a critical threat to feed quality, especially when feed is improperly dried or stored under humid conditions. The following mold species are commonly associated with feed contamination:
– Aspergillus spp. – Known for producing aflatoxins, particularly under warm and humid environments.
– Fusarium spp. – Responsible for producing fumonisins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol (DON).
– Penicillium spp. – Produces ochratoxins along with other harmful secondary metabolites.

A key concern is that mycotoxins are chemically stable, remaining in the feed long after the mold itself becomes invisible or inactive, thus posing ongoing risks to poultry health.
 
High moisture conditions also create an environment conducive to bacterial growth, including several significant poultry pathogens:
– Salmonella enterica – A zoonotic pathogen often introduced through contaminated raw materials or during feed processing.
– Escherichia coli – Certain strains are pathogenic and can impair gut health and performance.
– Clostridium perfringens – Associated with necrotic enteritis, a prevalent and economically significant poultry disease.
These bacteria can rapidly multiply in moist, warm feed, especially when storage hygiene is inadequate, leading to feed borne infections and compromised flock health.

3. Impact of Moisture-Induced Contamination on Poultry Health
3.1 Nutritional Degradation
Elevated feed moisture does more than encourage microbial growth—it also leads to the degradation of essential nutrients, compromising the nutritional quality of the feed:
– Vitamins – Fat-soluble vitamins (A and E) and water-soluble B-complex vitamins are particularly prone to degradation due to moisture-related oxidation.
– Proteins and Fats – Exposure to excess moisture can initiate rancidity and protein denaturation, reducing digestibility and nutritional value.
– Enzymes and Additives – Many feed additives, including enzymes, lose their efficacy when exposed to moisture, due to chemical breakdown or loss of activity.
Consequently, even if the feed meets the formulated nutritional specifications on paper, its actual nutrient availability to the bird may be substantially compromised.

3.2 Gastrointestinal Health and Immunity
Contaminated feed directly impacts the gastrointestinal health and immune status of poultry:
– Induces inflammation of the intestinal lining, leading to enteritis.
– Causes dysbiosis, disrupting the balance of beneficial gut microbiota.
– Reduces nutrient absorption efficiency, contributing to malnutrition.
– Weakens the immune system, increasing the susceptibility to secondary infections.
Chronic exposure to mycotoxins further suppresses immunity, reduces the efficacy of vaccinations, and predisposes birds to coccidiosis, respiratory infections, and other opportunistic diseases.

3.3 Productivity and Performance
The long-term consequences of feeding moisture-damaged or contaminated feed include:
– Poor growth rates, increased feed conversion ratios (FCR), and reduced body weight gains.
– Decline in reproductive performance, including lower egg production and decreased hatchability in breeder flocks.
– Higher mortality rates and escalating veterinary expenses due to disease management.
Therefore, moisture control in feed is not only a matter of safety but a direct factor in maintaining poultry productivity, profitability, and overall farm sustainability.

4. Strategies for Moisture Control in Poultry Feed
4.1 Optimal Storage Conditions
Preventing moisture accumulation in feed requires stringent storage management practices:
– Maintain relative humidity (RH) below 65% in feed storage facilities.
– Ensure adequate ventilation and temperature regulation to minimize condensation risks.
– Utilize moisture-resistant packaging, such as sealed bags or properly maintained silos, to protect feed from environmental humidity.
– Implement a first-in, first-out (FIFO) stock rotation system to prevent prolonged storage that could increase spoilage risk.
4.2 Processing and Drying Practices
Proper processing is essential to minimize residual moisture:
– Ensure feed is thoroughly dried during production to target moisture specifications.
– Monitor post-pelleting cooling times to prevent condensation within storage containers.
– Avoid incorporating high-moisture raw materials unless they are specifically treated or stabilized.
4.3 Use of Additives and Preservatives
Incorporating specific feed additives can help mitigate microbial growth and toxin risks:
– Mold inhibitors (e.g., propionic acid, sorbic acid) suppress fungal proliferation.
– Organic acids reduce pH levels, creating an environment less conducive to bacterial growth.
– Mycotoxin binders (e.g., bentonite, activated charcoal, yeast cell wall components) adsorb harmful toxins in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing absorption and toxicity in poultry.
4.4 Monitoring and Testing
Routine quality assurance is critical for early detection of moisture-related issues:
– Use moisture meters for rapid, on-site moisture assessments.
– Conduct periodic laboratory analyses to evaluate microbial load and mycotoxin presence.
– Apply Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles during feed production and storage to systematically identify and control risks.

5. Regulatory and Safety Implications
Global feed safety standards emphasize moisture control as a critical control point (CCP) due to its role in preventing contamination and zoonotic disease transmission. Compliance with international regulations enhances food safety, promotes animal welfare, and improves market access. Key regulatory frameworks include:
– Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP+)
– ISO 22000 – Food Safety Management Systems
– CODEX Alimentarius Guidelines
– EU Feed Hygiene Regulation (EC No. 183/2005).
Adhering to these standards not only ensures compliance but also strengthens consumer confidence and supports export competitiveness in international poultry markets.

6. Conclusion
Effective moisture management in poultry feed is fundamental to ensuring feed hygiene, animal health, and overall food safety. Elevated moisture levels promote the growth of harmful microorganisms and the accumulation of toxic metabolites, leading to severe implications for poultry health, productivity, and farm economics.By adopting preventive strategies in feed production, storage, and quality monitoring, producers can safeguard feed integrity and protect flock performance. Moisture control should be recognized not as an operational expense but as a strategic investment in animal welfare, economic sustainability, and public health protection.

Dr. Natthanan Nukitrangsan,
Ph.D, Feed Nutritionist & Technical Consultant
CP BIO

Introduction
Imbalances in the intestinal microbiota are linked to the development of various diseases. As a result, there has been growing interest in using prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to modulate the gut microbiome. Postbiotics refer to substances released or produced through the metabolic activity of microorganisms that exert beneficial effects on the host, either directly or indirectly. Since postbiotics do not contain live microorganisms, the risks typically associated with their consumption are significantly reduced.

In this review, we critically examine current literature on postbiotics, focusing on their mechanisms of action and potential applications in performance trials. We highlight their distinct benefits compared to live probiotics, with the goal of maximizing the effectiveness of postbiotics in target animals. The review explores their key components and advantages related to diet and gut health, emphasizing their role in supporting animal production—particularly in poultry. Relevant studies are referenced to illustrate the immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of postbiotics, as well as their overall impact on productivity and health in animal systems.

How to distinguish postbiotics and their benefits compared to live probiotics?

Postbiotics are metabolic by-products produced by bacteria (exogenous postbiotics). They include non-viable bacterial components and substances such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), peptides, bacteriocins, proteins, and amino acids, all of which can confer health benefits to the host. Unlike probiotics, postbiotics are more stable during feed processing and under various environmental conditions. This enhanced stability, along with their enriched nutrient profile, makes postbiotics a promising alternative to probiotics in animal feed applications.

The use of postbiotics as a tool for improving the health of livestock and poultry shows great promise, owing to their numerous benefits and several advantages over probiotics and prebiotics. As metabolic byproducts or components derived from probiotic bacteria, postbiotics are less sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and processing methods (Hossain et al., 2021). This enhanced stability allows them to retain their functional and beneficial properties over time, making them well-suited for diverse applications in animal health and nutrition (Thorakkattu et al., 2022).

Furthermore, we provided the information of postbiotics that can offer more advantages than live probiotics; for instance, (Rafique et al., 2023),

(a) Live probiotics may struggle to adhere to the gut mucosa due to the presence of a mucous layer that limits direct contact between bacteria and the epithelial surface. In contrast, postbiotics can more easily penetrate this mucous layer.
(b) Postbiotics pose no risk of infection from bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen into the bloodstream, which is particularly important for immunocompromised or susceptible individuals. Additionally, they do not carry the risk of acquiring or transferring antibiotic resistance genes.
(c) Postbiotics offer practical advantages—they are easier to dose, transport, standardize, and store. Moreover, they have significant potential to support intestinal barrier function and may serve as an effective alternative to probiotics (Liu et al., 2023).

The benefits of postbiotics for gut health.
Postbiotics can inhibit the growth of pathogens and strengthen gut barrier function through the action of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). For instance, butyrate serves as an energy source for colon epithelial cells and the intestinal mucosa, thereby supporting gut integrity and reducing intestinal permeability.
In addition to enhancing gut barrier function, butyrate plays a role in immunomodulation and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects while helping to improve growth performance, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Functions of postbiotics

Butyric acid has demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus suis) and Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni) (Kovenda et al., 2019).

The mode of action of sodium butyrate involves its conversion to butyric acid, which can penetrate bacterial cell walls primarily through diffusion. Once inside the cell, butyrate induces cytoplasmic toxicity by lowering the intracellular pH. This acidification disrupts key metabolic processes, depletes energy reserves, and leads to the excretion of protons (H⁺), which further diffuse into the bacterial cell and contribute to toxicity. The increased proton concentration interferes with ATP synthesis by impairing the bacterial cell’s ability to maintain proton gradients essential for energy production and metabolism. Ultimately, the drop in pH and metabolic disruption result in bacterial cell death (Ahsan et al.,2016).

Maximize the effectiveness of postbiotics in target animals.
Based on researches, postbiotic can be able to target gut-brain axis influence on serotonin to improve growth performance (Sofie et al., 2021; Ishii et al.,2019), gut health and nutrient digestion (Ahmed et al., 2014; Kumar et al., 2014), antimicrobial (Mantziari et al., 2020; Fong et al., 2020), anti-inflammation and Immune-microflora balance (Torino et al., 2015; Miyazawa et al., 2015; Maghsood et al., 2018;) including postbiotic/probiotic as an alternative ATB/ZnO (Ali et al., 2023).

FermNutral® derived from the biological fermentation of the probiotic strain Clostridium butyricum, the main components of the product include amino acids, minerals, and beneficial metabolites classified as postbiotics. Rafique et al. (2023), writing in the Journal of Agriculture & Food Research, reviewed the principal classes of postbiotics with health-promoting effects:

1. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) –
Butyrate supports gut integrity, reduces intestinal permeability, modulates immunity, exerts anti-inflammatory actions, and suppresses pathogens. In broilers, butyrate also raises apparent total‑tract crude‑fat digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy (AME), enhancing overall digestion and nutrient absorption.
2. Antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins) – These peptides display activity against common pathogens, including Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli.
3. Quorum‑sensing (QS) interference – Certain postbiotics inhibit pathogen biofilm formation by disrupting QS signaling, thereby curbing colonization and persistence.
4. Polysaccharides (e.g., teichoic acids) – Contribute anti‑ inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, further supporting host health.
5. B‑complex vitamins, proteins, and amino acids – Provide additional nutritional and functional benefits that complement the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory actions of other postbiotic fractions.

Postbiotic product in poultry trials
FermNutral (FN)® is a postbiotic product consisting of non-living microorganisms (inactivated bacteria) or their components that provide health benefits to the host. It also includes byproducts of probiotic activity in the gut, such as fermentation metabolites.

The main ingredient is calcium butyrate, which makes up 50% of the product. Other components include short-chain fatty acids (butyric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid), 18 amino acids, vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B12, folic acid, E, and K), and minerals (Ca, Fe, Zn, Na, Mg, P, Mn, Cr).

Based on our trial data and correlated research publications, we can confidently say that FN improves productive performance and reduces feed costs, which contributes to higher profits and effective solutions in animal production.

Typically, we focus on both performance and economic returns in animal production, especially for pigs, poultry, and aquatic species. Through extensive research conducted by CP BIO, we have found that using FN in aquatic animals such as Tilapia, Ruby fish, Penaeus vannamei, and Micropterus salmoides significantly enhances growth performance, feed efficiency, survival rates, and overall economic returns, as shown in Table 1.

Conclusions
FermNutral (FN) is a biological fermentation product derived from the probiotic strain Clostridium butyricum. It primarily contains short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, along with amino acids, minerals, and beneficial metabolites acting as postbiotics. Essentially, FN functions through the diet-gut-microbe axis to provide effective animal health solutions. Butyrate mainly supplies energy to the epithelial cells of the colon, improving digestion and nutrient absorption while controlling pathogens, maintaining immune balance, and reducing inflammation. Therefore, the multi-modal actions of FN help support gut function, enhancing animal performance and profitability.

References available on request.

Indian Animal Health Industry
The veterinary healthcare sector in India is experiencing significant growth, with the market size estimated to be USD 1.25 billion in 2024, projected to reach USD 1.89 billion by 2029, indicating a robust CAGR of 8.63% during the forecast period. This growth is particularly notable in the poultry industry, which has emerged as one of the fastest-growing sectors among livestock species. The poultry sector has evolved into a key supplier of affordable protein sources, driving the development of value chains that cater to consumer demand.

Stallen South Asia: Leading by Change and Setting a Standard
In response to this market dynamic, Stallen South Asia Private Limited has emerged as a key player, offering indigenous solutions and expertise in animal health. By bridging the gap between global standards and local requirements, companies like Stallen are not only contributing to the growth of the poultry industry but also fostering a resilient and sustainable ecosystem for animal health management in the country.

Stallen stands out as a leading name in India’s animal health sector, offering a diverse range of products tailored for poultry and cattle across four distinct divisions. These divisions encompass feed additives, biosecurity solutions, formulations, and vaccines, showcasing Stallen’s comprehensive approach to animal health management.

Strategic Collaborations and Industry Partnerships – 25 Years in the Marking
The company’s journey traces back to its inception in 1997. Since inception, Stallen has constantly developed to stay in line with the industry standard – in 2010 Stallen entered a JV with FATRO from Bologna, Italy. This JV enabled Stallen to import and distribute a wide range of killed and live vaccines, further solidifying its position in the market.

Global Reach and Market Presence
Over the 25 years, Stallen has expanded its footprint and capacities. Today, Stallen’s export operations span more than 50 countries across 6 continents serving as a testament to our product quality and service.
In an attempt to completely self suffienct, Stallen has backward integrated and control the end-to-end supply chain. As a result, they currently operate 5 different manufacturing locations in addition to the 2 supply plants of FATRO:
1) Feed Additives Manufacturing Unit in Palghar, Maharashtra
2) Feed Additives Manufacturing Unit in Sajjanpada, Maharashtra
3) Feed Additives and Cattle Feed Premix Manufacturing Unit in Alexandria, Canada
4) Therapeutics/Formulations Manufacturing Unit in Nandore, Maharashtra
5) Halquinol API Manufacturing Unit in Vatva, Gujarat

Focus on Quality and Regulatory Compliance
All of Stallen’s plants are certified and regularly audited by ISO, GMP, and FDA, along with approvals from international regulatory bodies, attestesting to their adherence to rigorous standards in manufacturing and product safety.

1) Feed Additives and Premix Factories in Maharashtra
Stallen South Asia Pvt. Ltd., based in Nandore, Maharashtra, India, specializes in manufacturing a wide range of feed additives and supplements. Their product portfolio includes antibacterial solutions, treatments targeting mycoplasmal infections, deworming agents, performance enhancers, anthelmintics, mineral supplements, toxin-binding formulations, antidiarrheals, growth promoters, anticoccidials, water sanitation products, fly control solutions, and disinfectants. These products are meticulously crafted and made available in various convenient forms such as tablets, boluses, powders, oral liquid solutions.

1. Manufacturing Process: The factory has specialized equipment and facilities for the manufacturing process. This includes mixing and blending equipment for creating formulations, granulation machinery for solid products, liquid mixing and filling lines for liquids, and packaging lines for various forms of products.
2. Quality Assurance: Quality control measures are integral to the manufacturing process. Raw materials are tested for purity and quality before use. During production, in-process checks are conducted to ensure consistency and adherence to specifications. Finished products undergo rigorous quality testing for efficacy, safety, and compliance with regulatory standards.
3. Regulatory Compliance: The factory operates in compliance with regulatory requirements set by local and international regulatory bodies, with approvals from China, Iran, Australia and more. This includes adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and documentation of processes to ensure product quality and safety.

2) Formulation Unit in Palghar, Maharashtra, India.
It is a crucial facility for manufacturing pharmaceutical products that range between regular therapeutic drugs as well as beta-lactam formulations.
1. Facilities and Equipment: The formulation unit is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and machinery required for the formulation and production of pharmaceutical products. This includes equipment for mixing, blending, granulation, drying, and packaging. The capacities are built for effervescent tablets, liquid form (oral and topical), oral powder, bolus and ointment.

2. Quality Control: Throughout the formulation process, rigorous quality control measures are implemented to ensure that the final product meets regulatory standards and specifications. This includes testing the raw materials, in-process samples, and the finished product for purity, potency, stability, and safety.

3. Regulatory Compliance: The formulation unit operates in compliance with regulatory requirements set by authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in India. This includes adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), documentation of processes, and regular inspections to ensure quality and safety standards are maintained.

3) “Stallen Unveils Cutting-Edge API Facility for Halquinol Production!”
To maintain its commitment to quality, affordability, and timely delivery, Stallen has commenced the production of Halquinol, a non-antibiotic growth promoter classified under hydroxy-quinolines. This compound comprises 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, 5,7-Dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, and 7-Chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, with the product Halquinol 98% manufactured in accordance with BP 80 (British Pharmacopeia 1980) specifications. Stallen offers Halquinol 98% as a chemical API for use in veterinary formulations and feed additives, alongside the commonly available 60% and 12% variants. With its adherence to BP specifications and increased monthly production capacity, Stallen is well-equipped to cater to global demand, holding valid registrations for Halquinol in over 15 countries.

Stallen’s strategic vision includes gradually introducing a range of APIs from its Vatva facility, aiming to reduce reliance on imported products from China in the animal health sector. The Vatva plant marks the fifth addition to Stallen’s manufacturing infrastructure, complementing its existing feed additive and veterinary formulation facilities in Palghar, Maharashtra, as well as a feed premix and additive manufacturing unit in Canada. This strategic expansion underscores Stallen’s commitment to self-sufficiency and quality assurance in delivering essential solutions for animal health and nutrition.

Mycotoxins in the food chain: Understanding risks and exploring mitigation strategies

By: Dr. Maloshrie Bora, Program Manager – Feed Safety, Trouw Nutrition South Asia

The safety of animal feed is increasingly compromised by a confluence of global challenges, notably mycotoxin contamination. These toxic metabolites, produced by molds such as Aspergillus and Fusarium, pose significant health risks to livestock and, by extension, to humans consuming animal products. Contributing factors include a shortage of quality raw materials, exacerbated by supply chain bottlenecks and geopolitical disruptions. Climate change further intensifies the issue by altering temperature and precipitation patterns, creating favorable conditions for mold growth and mycotoxin production. Additionally, inadequate storage and transportation facilities, often lacking proper ventilation and climate control, facilitate the proliferation of these harmful fungi. Together, these elements underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate mycotoxin risks and ensure feed safety.

Even the smallest lapse in post-harvest handling can swiftly trigger the formation of harmful secondary metabolites like mycotoxins. Factors such as delayed drying, inadequate moisture control, and poor storage conditions can create an environment conducive to fungal growth, leading to rapid mycotoxin accumulation. For instance, aflatoxin contamination in maize has been linked to improper drying and storage practices, highlighting the critical importance of stringent post-harvest management to ensure food safety.

Mycotoxin contamination poses a significant threat to various stakeholders in the agricultural and food sectors, including farmers, feed producers, food processors, public authorities, and end consumers. These toxic compounds adversely affect animal health by impairing the gastrointestinal tract, suppressing the immune system, and disrupting nutrient absorption, leading to decreased productivity and increased susceptibility to diseases. Implementing a comprehensive 360-degree mitigation strategy—encompassing prevention, detection, regulation, and education—can effectively address this multifaceted issue and safeguard public health and economic interests.

The “Big 6” mycotoxins—aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol (DON), and T2 toxin—are among the most prevalent and toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds affecting agricultural commodities. These toxins impact various species differently; for instance, aflatoxins primarily affect liver function in mammals, while zearalenone exhibits estrogenic effects leading to reproductive issues in ruminants and pigs.

The incidence and severity of mycotoxin contamination are influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall, which can create conducive conditions for mold growth and toxin production. Not all mycotoxins are equally toxic across species; for example, DON is highly toxic to swine, whereas poultry are less affected. Climate change exacerbates the problem by altering weather patterns, potentially increasing the prevalence and distribution of mycotoxins in crops.

Aflatoxins occur worldwide in feed and feed stuffs which results in severe economic loss to poultry and livestock industries. The extent of Aflatoxin contamination varies with geographic location, farming methods and the susceptibility of commodities to fungal invasion during pre-harvest, storage, and processing periods. Numerous studies showed negative effects of Aflatoxin in broiler chickens including a decrease in the efficiency of feed utilization and body weight gain, liver damage, poor immune response, and increased mortality. Aflatoxin is shown to induce pathological alterations in important organs such as the liver, kidneys, and lymphoid organs. Furthermore, the transmission of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) and its metabolites from feed to animal edible tissues and products, such as the liver and eggs, becomes particularly important as a potential hazard for human health. Given the global economic importance of Aflatoxin, many strategies have been tried to minimize their negative impact. A successful prevention strategy must be economical and capable of eliminating all traces of toxin without leaving harmful residues and should not impair the nutritional quality of the commodities. Extensive research has been carried out using adsorbent (binder) materials that adsorbs to Aflatoxin molecule by means of ion exchange and thereby preventing their absorption into blood circulation. Among various binding agents, clays and yeast cell wall materials are the most tested. Silicates are the main group of clays that are studied extensively in terms of Aflatoxin binding. These include tectosilicates (zeolites), 1:1 phyllosilicates (kaolinite), 2:1 phyllosilicates (smectites, vermiculites, chlorites, micas) and sepiolite. All silicates, however, are not the same in terms of their ability to bind Aflatoxin and among the above, smectites have shown greater binding efficacy against Aflatoxin. The ability of smectite clays to bind mycotoxins depends on pH in the gut, molecular arrangements, and its geographic region of origin. Smectite clays possess high Aflatoxin adsorption capacity due to its high surface area, ion exchange capacity, and ability to swell in the presence of water, and the efficacy has been proven in vivo in broiler chickens. The leading hypothesis on the bonding mechanism between adsorbed aflatoxins and smectites is the electron donor–acceptor (EDA) model. Other models such as selective chemisorption, H-bonding, and bonding through furan rings were proposed.

The supplementation of smectite clay in feed to aflatoxin challenged broilers considerably reduced the magnitude of toxic effects of aflatoxin and improved growth and immune response. Hence, smectite clay could be successively used in feed to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxins in broiler chickens.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are ones of the most common and dangerous mycotoxins. AFB1, produced mainly by Aspergillus, is one of the most poisonous toxins, which is classified as Group I carcinogen by the World Health Organization due to its hepatoxicity, immunotoxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity on variety of animals. DON, produced by many Fusarium molds, contamination in feeds induces anorexia, emesis, and damage to intestinal barrier and immune function in animals through suppressing the synthesis of nucleic and proteins . OTA, a toxic metabolite from Aspergillus and Penicillium molds, possesses hepatoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, immunotoxic, and teratogenic effects on liver and kidney. Long-term epidemiological investigations have shown that most of the global feed is exposed to more than one mycotoxin, and mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed is a worldwide problem. Meanwhile, when three mycotoxins co-existed in the poultry feeds, their interaction have been further associated with significant alterations in the productivity and profitability of animals. Therefore, development of remediation strategies to prevent or mitigate the mycotoxicosis is imperative.

Trouw Nutrition’s TOXO® range offers a suite of mycotoxin binders designed to mitigate the negative effects of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed. These products are formulated to support animal health and performance by reducing the bioavailability of harmful mycotoxins.
These products are part of Trouw Nutrition’s comprehensive approach to mycotoxin risk management, aiming to ensure feed safety and optimize animal health and performance.

TOXO®-MX: Precision for Aflatoxins
TOXO®-MX is a specialized binder formulated to combat aflatoxins, particularly Aflatoxin B1, which can adversely affect dairy cows and other livestock. By incorporating purified smectite clays, TOXO®-MX effectively reduces the bioavailability of aflatoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. This reduction leads to a significant decrease in the excretion of Aflatoxin M1 in milk, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and safeguarding consumer health. Additionally, TOXO®-MX enhances feed efficiency, as evidenced by improved milk production per kilogram of dry matter ingested in dairy cows.

TOXO®-XL: Comprehensive Protection Against Fusarium Mycotoxins
TOXO®-XL is an advanced binder designed to address the challenges posed by Fusarium-related mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes and fumonisins. This product combines smectite clays with specifically selected glucose biopolymers and purified β-glucans, which work synergistically to reinforce intestinal barrier function and modulate the immune response. The result is a comprehensive solution that not only binds and eliminates mycotoxins but also mitigates performance impairments caused by their exposure.

TOXO®: Broad-Spectrum Mycotoxin Binder
TOXO® serves as a versatile, broad-spectrum mycotoxin binder suitable for various animal species. It utilizes smectite clays to effectively reduce the bioavailability of a wide range of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and zearalenone. By preventing the absorption of these toxins, TOXO® helps maintain animal health and performance, making it an essential component of comprehensive mycotoxin risk management strategies.
Collectively, the TOXO® product range represents a holistic approach to mycotoxin risk management, integrating advanced scientific formulations to protect animal health and ensure the safety of the food chain.

Dr Bhaskar Choudhary
Animal Nutritionist
Biochem Zusatzstoffe Handels- und Produktionsgesellschaft mbH

Abstract:
In the modern poultry industry, ensuring optimal health and productivity in layers, breeders, and broilers under various stress conditions is vital. Feed additives like choline chloride, synthetic betaine (anhydrous and HCl forms), and natural betaine are used to enhance performance. However, synthetic choline chloride and betaine often contain residues of ethylene oxide and trimethylamine (TMA), which pose significant risks to poultry health, including fatty liver syndrome, reproductive challenges, and respiratory hazards. The chemical synthesis of these additives highlights the adverse effects of residue contamination and explains why natural Betaine (anhydrous )(Hepatron/Beta Pro BL) is the superior choice.

1. Chemical Synthesis of Choline Chloride, Betaine, and Betaine Hcl
Choline Chloride Synthesis:
Choline chloride is produced by reacting ethylene oxide with trimethylamine, followed by neutralization with hydrochloric acid:
C2H4O + (CH3)3N + HCl —- (CH3)3N+CH2CH2OH.Cl-

Synthetic Betaine Anhydrous Synthesis:
Betaine is synthesized by methylating glycine with trimethylamine:
NH2CH2COOH + 3(CH3)3N—– (CH3)3N+CH2COO-

Betaine Hydrochloride Synthesis:
Betaine HCl is formed by reacting betaine with hydrochloric acid:
(CH3)3N+CH2COO- + HCl —– (CH3)3N+CH2COOH.Cl-

2. Risks Associated with Ethylene Oxide and Trimethylamine Residues
Ethylene Oxide (EO): permissible limit 0.2mg/g
Source: Ethylene oxide is used as a key reactant in choline chloride synthesis.

Risks and Effects:
Fatty Liver: Ethylene oxide residues exacerbate lipid accumulation in the liver, leading to fatty liver syndrome, impairing metabolism and egg production in layers.
Reproductive Challenges: In breeders, EO residues can induce oxidative damage to ovarian tissues, affecting fertility and hatchability.
Respiratory Hazards: Chronic exposure to ethylene oxide fumes or residues increases oxidative stress in respiratory tissues, leading to reduced lung function and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

Trimethylamine (TMA): permissible limit 10 mg/kg
Source: TMA is used as a methyl donor in the production of choline chloride and synthetic betaine.

Risks and Effects:
Fatty Liver: Excess TMA disrupts lipid metabolism by impairing the synthesis of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), leading to hepatic fat accumulation.
Reproductive Challenges: In breeders, TMA residues interfere with reproductive hormone balance, reducing fertility and chick quality.
Respiratory Hazards: Volatile TMA emissions irritate the respiratory tract, causing chronic respiratory distress in broilers and layers, especially in poorly ventilated environments.

3. Challenges of Synthetic Additives in Poultry Nutrition
Residue Toxicity: Synthetic choline chloride and betaine often leave traces of ethylene oxide and TMA, causing long-term health risks.
Liver Dysfunction: These residues impair liver detoxification and metabolic efficiency, leading to reduced productivity.
Limited Stress Resilience: Synthetic forms lack the bioactive properties of natural betaine, making them less effective in managing stress.

4. Natural Betaine (anhydrous) (Hepatron/Beta Pro BL): A Safer and More Effective Solution
Residue-Free and Safe: Hepatron/Beta Pro BL, derived from natural sources, is free of ethylene oxide and TMA residues, eliminating the associated risks of liver damage, reproductive issues, and respiratory stress.
Superior Liver Support:
– Enhances lipid metabolism, preventing fatty liver syndrome.
– Boosts detoxification pathways to handle feed-related toxins more effectively.
Enhanced Stress Management:
– Natural osmoregulatory properties stabilize cellular hydration under heat and osmotic stress.
– Promotes better feed conversion and growth performance.

5. Correlation Between Natural Betaine and Poultry Health
Fatty Liver Syndrome Prevention: Natural betaine spares choline and methionine in feed, reducing the metabolic burden on the liver and enhancing lipid transport efficiency.
Reproductive Health Support: Hepatron/BetaPro BL optimizes methylation pathways, improving ovarian function, egg production, and hatchability in breeders and layers.
Respiratory Protection: Unlike TMA-containing additives, Hepatron/Beta Pro BL improves cellular hydration and stress tolerance, protecting the respiratory tract from environmental and metabolic stress.

6. Stress in Poultry: A Multi-Faceted Challenge
Types of Stress in Poultry:
1. Environmental Stress: Heat & cold (Environment) stress in broilers & layer
2. Nutritional Stress: Imbalanced diets and mycotoxin contamination.
3. Physiological Stress: Vaccination, debeaking, and transportation.
4. Production Stress: Egg production in layers and rapid growth demands in broilers.

Role of Hepatron/Beta Pro BL in Feed application for Stress Mitigation:
Layers: Reduces egg drop during heat/Cold stress (Environment physiologica stress/ and improves shell quality.
Breeders: Enhances fertility and hatchability under environmental and nutritional stress.
Broilers: Improves growth performance and livability during transportation and heat stress.
Application of Hepatron/BetaPro BL in Drinking water: 6 hours improved water intake during treatment & outbreak condition it is advisable apart from stress mitigation what mentioned in Feed application for quick support as a clinical Nutrition

7. Why Natural Betaine (Hepatron/Beta Pro BL) is Superior

Conclusion
Residues of ethylene oxide and trimethylamine in synthetic choline chloride and betaine pose significant risks to poultry health, including fatty liver, reproductive challenges, and respiratory hazards. Natural (anhydrous )Betaine (Hepatron/Beta Pro BL) offers a safer, residue-free alternative with superior bioavailability and efficacy. By supporting liver function, improving reproductive outcomes, and protecting respiratory health, Hepatron/Beta Pro BL proves indispensable for sustainable and profitable poultry farming.
References are available on request.

ZAGRO SINGAPORE Expands Manufacturing with New Facility in India

ZAGRO Singapore, along with its subsidiary PL Agro Technologies Ltd is seen to be bringing a revolution in animal nutrition. PL Agro Technologies Ltd. India, located in Chennai was acquired by ZAGRO Singapore in 2023.

ZAGRO Singapore, a renowned leader in animal health and nutrition, is reinforcing its commitment to providing innovative and high-quality solutions across the global animal nutrition market. Through its strategic acquisition of PL Agro Technologies Ltd. in 2023, ZAGRO has solidified its presence in India, where it now operates a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Chennai, further enhancing its pan India footprint and product offerings.

The partnership between ZAGRO Singapore and PL Agro Technologies Ltd. marks a pivotal moment in the company’s journey, enabling it to expand its capacity for production while ensuring that the products are locally relevant and cost-effective for the Indian and global markets. At the heart of this expansion is the PL Agro facility, which now serves as the dedicated production hub for a comprehensive range of animal nutrition products designed to support the poultry industry and other animal health sectors.

The facility manufactures a variety of important products, including mineral premixes (both organic and inorganic), mycotoxin binders, Halquinol, oral liquids, Tiamulin 80% and customized products. These offerings are crafted to meet the diverse and evolving needs of the industry, providing solutions that not only enhance animal health but also ensure performance consistency and cost-efficiency.

ZAGRO Singapore’s decision to produce at the PL Agro facility is rooted in its unwavering confidence in the operational excellence of the plant, which boasts cutting-edge manufacturing capabilities and world-class quality control measures. The strategic importance of this facility is amplified by its ability to meet the increasing demand for high-quality animal nutrition solutions, all while maintaining local production standards and ensuring compliance with international regulations.
ZAGRO remains steadfast in its commitment to its core philosophy: “Global Technology, Local production and effective Solutions.” This guiding principle drives the company to deliver high-quality products tailored to local needs while adhering to global standards. Through sustainable practices and innovation, ZAGRO focuses on building long-term, reliable relationships with customers, distributors, and industry stakeholders across the globe.

The establishment of the PL Agro facility as the main production hub underscores ZAGRO’s long-term vision for India as a strategic market and a vital part of its global operations. With this move, Zagro aims to increase its market penetration, reduce product lead times, and enhance its responsiveness to customer needs.

Furthermore, ZAGRO Singapore is keen on engaging more directly with the poultry and animal health industries. The company’s goal for 2025 is to further strengthen its connections with poultry farmers, veterinarians, feed millers, and other industry professionals throughout India. This initiative aims to create stronger bonds, understand customer demands better, and offer even more tailored solutions.
For further inquiries or more detailed information, please contact:

Mr. Manas Mitra
Head of Business Operations, Zagro India
Email: manas.mitra@zagro.com

For Technical Assistance / Product Information
Mr. Raja Vadivel
R&D Project Manager, Zagro Singapore
Email: raja.vadivel@zagro.com

Visit our company websites for more information about us.
www.plagro.in
www.zagro.com