Every day, a broiler’s intestine processes several times its body weight in feed and water, encounters billions of microorganisms, responds to environmental stress, and continuously decides what enters the body and what remains outside.

In many ways, the gut functions as a customs checkpoint, security system, digestive factory, and immune headquarters—all at the same time.

In fact, nearly 70% of the bird’s immune cells are associated with the gastrointestinal tract, making it a key player in both health and performance. The remarkable aspect is that when the gut is functioning well, nobody notices it. When it begins to fail, everybody notices the consequences.

The Modern Poultry Bird: Built for Speed
Today’s broiler is a biological marvel. Through decades of genetic selection, modern birds reach market weight faster and more efficiently than ever before.
However, this achievement comes with a hidden challenge.

The digestive tract has become one of the most critical performance-limiting organs in poultry production. Every gram of feed must be digested, absorbed, and converted into muscle within an increasingly compressed production cycle.

Twenty years ago, a small reduction in nutrient absorption might have gone unnoticed. Today, even minor intestinal inefficiencies can translate into measurable losses in body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and profitability. Modern birds can no longer afford a lazy gut.

The Gut Is Constantly Making Decisions
Traditionally, we think of the intestine as a nutrient absorption organ.
In reality, the gut is making thousands of biological decisions every second.

– Should nutrients support growth or immunity?
– Should a microorganism be tolerated or eliminated?
– Should energy be invested in production or defense?
– Should the intestinal barrier remain open for absorption or tighten to prevent invasion?

These microscopic decisions ultimately determine flock performance.
In many ways, poultry production is not simply about feeding birds—it is about influencing the decisions being made within the gut.

The Hidden Cost of Inflammation
One of the most important concepts emerging in poultry science is that inflammation carries a nutritional cost.
Whenever the intestine encounters stress from pathogens, mycotoxins, heat, poor litter quality, or microbial imbalance, the immune system becomes activated.
The immune response is essential for survival, but it is expensive.
Energy that could support growth is redirected toward immune activity.
Amino acids that could build muscle are utilized to produce immune proteins and inflammatory mediators.
Vitamins and minerals become involved in tissue repair and antioxidant defense.
The bird continues eating, yet a significant proportion of nutrients may no longer be contributing to production.
This phenomenon is often referred to as the “hidden feed cost” of inflammation.

The Silent Performance Thief
One of the greatest misconceptions in poultry production is that intestinal problems always produce visible symptoms.
– Not necessarily.
– Many flocks show normal feed intake, acceptable mortality, and no obvious disease outbreaks. Yet they consistently fail to achieve target performance.
– A slight reduction in nutrient absorption.
– A minor microbial imbalance.
– A low level of intestinal inflammation.
– A subtle increase in intestinal permeability.
Individually these changes may appear insignificant. Collectively they can result in substantial economic losses. This is why gut health is increasingly viewed not as a disease issue but as a performance issue.

The Microbial Workforce Inside Every Bird
Perhaps the most fascinating discovery in recent years is the realization that birds are never truly alone.
The digestive tract contains trillions of microorganisms collectively known as the gut microbiome.
These microbes help digest feed ingredients, produce beneficial metabolites, support intestinal development, influence immune responses, and compete with harmful bacteria.
Some scientists now describe the microbiome as an additional organ because of its profound influence on bird health.
This raises an interesting question:
Are we feeding the bird, or are we feeding its microbiome?
The answer is both.
The future of poultry nutrition may depend as much on managing microbial populations as on balancing nutrients.

Heat Stress: The Gut’s Greatest Enemy
In many poultry-producing regions, heat stress has become one of the most significant challenges affecting gut health.
High environmental temperatures reduce blood flow to the intestine, increase oxidative stress, and compromise intestinal barrier integrity.
As a result, harmful bacterial toxins can cross the intestinal wall and trigger inflammation.
Often the first casualty of heat stress is not growth—it is gut integrity.
This may explain why heat-stressed flocks frequently show poorer FCR, increased wet litter, reduced nutrient utilization, and greater disease susceptibility.
As global temperatures continue to rise, protecting gut health during periods of heat stress will become increasingly important.

The Gut in the Antibiotic-Free Era
The poultry industry is rapidly transitioning toward antibiotic-free and reduced-antibiotic production systems.
While this shift addresses consumer concerns and regulatory requirements, it has also increased attention on intestinal health.
Without routine antibiotic growth promoters, producers must rely on alternative strategies to maintain gut stability.
Probiotics, prebiotics, β-glucans, mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), organic acids, phytogenic compounds, and postbiotics are increasingly being used to support intestinal resilience and microbial balance.
The focus is shifting from killing pathogens to creating an intestinal environment where beneficial microbes and the host can thrive together.

More Birds or More Protein?
The global poultry industry is not being asked to produce more birds.
It is being asked to produce more protein.
As the world’s population grows and consumers increasingly seek affordable animal protein, poultry production continues to expand. Industry projections estimate the sector will grow at a CAGR of approximately 5–7% over the coming years.

But growth alone is not enough.
Producers are expected to deliver more meat with fewer resources, lower feed costs, and a smaller environmental footprint.
This means that every gram of feed matters more than ever before.
And that brings us back to the gut.
Because the difference between feed consumed and protein produced is ultimately determined by the efficiency of the digestive system.

The Future Begins in the Gut
For decades, poultry production focused on genetics, nutrition, and disease control.
The next frontier may be intestinal resilience.
Future improvements in productivity will likely come from better management of inflammation, enhanced barrier integrity, optimized microbiomes, and improved nutrient efficiency within the gastrointestinal tract.
The question may no longer be:

“How much feed did the bird consume?”

Instead, the more important question may be:
“How much of that feed actually became growth?”
The answer lies within the gut.
Not because it is merely another organ, but because it is the organ that determines how effectively all the others perform.
In an era of narrow margins, rising feed costs, heat stress, and antibiotic-free production, the healthiest gut may ultimately become the most valuable asset in the poultry house.

PIONEERING ANIMAL HEALTH THROUGH PHYTOGENIC INNOVATION

France Based IDENA’s Complex Phytogenic Animal Nutrition Products Through Feed Development has led to Higher Productivity and Better Animal Health – Ricky Thaper (www.rickythaper.com)

Improving livestock health has been recognized by producers as an important sustainability effort which improves efficiency and reduces productivity losses in the animal husbandry sector. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has urged nations to integrate animal health into their national climate commitments, calling it “vital for sustainable livestock production.” The roadmap recognized the importance of livestock to 1.7 billion farmers worldwide and offered proven pathways for addressing its climate footprint including better genetics, feed, and animal health. An UN report calculated the effects of different steps to address livestock emission by stating that animal productivity increase would reduce emissions 20%. It also stated that feed improvements by 12%, better animal health by 10%, improved genetics by 8% and methane reducing feed additives by 5%.

This growing recognition of the value of animal health and related technologies has the potential to boost livestock sustainability and decrease its carbon footprint. This will require adoption of strong biosecurity protocols, improved feed and use of good additives, better breeding practices and adoption of new digital technologies. Keeping this vision in mind, several companies have been working towards boosting animal health and productivity through development of innovative products keeping into consideration the unique needs of countries across the world.

Since its creation in 1995, France based global major in animal nutrition IDENA group has developed products keeping into account the nutritional needs of poultry, dairy, and piggery. The key focus of the IDENA is to introduce innovative additives and pre-mixes which boost the poultry and livestock feed and increase performances of poultry and livestock in the farms.

At IDENA, head-quartered in SAUTRON, Pays de la Loire, France, there are experts who are passionate about developing products which promote animal growth and welfare. IDENA’s technical and sales teams, often in the field, offers tailor-made advice to improve the formulation of products and optimise their effectiveness depending on the needs of the customer. The company has succeeded in establishing its fundamentals and convictions in the animal nutrition market, developing them and continuing to build on them. In 2001, the IDENA production plant in Pontchâteau, France was set up.

The mission of the company is to market natural alternatives to conventional additives in order to reduce the use of antibiotics and preserve their effectiveness (antibiotic resistance). These alternatives are made up of phytogenic, bioactive and active ingredients derived from lactic fermentations through IDENA’s sister company STI BIOTECHNOLOGIE which has developed a unique range of Postbiotics.

Following a specific inactivation process, STI Biotechnologie manufactures, among other products, a postbiotic solution, available in powder and liquid form. METALAC promotes digestive comfort, enhances animal welfare, and improves the animals’ immune status.

The company has numerous scientific publications: S. Jansseune’s thesis, published last June, expanded knowledge of METALAC through in vitro and in vivo experimental trials, as well as on the composition of metabolites synthesized during bacterial fermentation. The postbiotic contributes to the formation of a beneficial bacterial biofilm to protect intestinal villus cells, thereby strengthening the intestinal barrier. This research is continuing with a postdoctoral fellowship in collaboration with the University of Rennes, supervised by Monogastric Product Manager Maeva JEGOU.

Under the leadership of Director Christophe TANGUY, the Asia-Middle East region is managed by David CHEREL, based in China.

IDENA has also developed a complete range of nutritional specialities to improve the feed efficiency of animals fed in organic farming systems and these products are all approved by official organic farming certification bodies.

IDENA has a range of poultry products, among them; FORCIX PY (Prevention of the risk associated with Eimeria together with Necrotic Enteritis), FORKEY LS (Prevention of the risk associated with Histomonas in Turkeys), EVOPERF (Digestive comfort and performance), PONTIPLUS (Supporting hen productivity and longevity by maintaining laying rate and improving egg quality and breeders’ eggs hatchability) and IDAFIX+ (a large spectrum powerful mycotoxin binder). All these poultry products are based on the results of extensive scientific research, particularly into the action of plant extracts and essential oils. The issues studied relate mainly to make better use of the nutrients supplied and managing the risks of parasites and bacteria amongst the poultry birds. In poultry, IDENA focus is on gut health, mineral balance, feed efficiency, and resilience of birds under commercial conditions. IDENA solutions combine R&D, field validation, and practical formulation expertise to ensure both technical efficiency and economic viability. The nutrition experts in the company have developed a range of products designed to improve the feed efficiency of ruminants, focussing on critical components – protein, energy and fibre. The company also focussed on pig production for creating formulation through feed recipes and increase digestive efficiency of the animals.

To design animal feeding in different ways and to improve technical and economic performance while respecting animal welfare and the environment, IDENA develops quality feed products for the various sectors of the livestock economy- feed manufacturers, premix manufacturers, integrators, hatcheries, dairies, farms and breeders. The products are developed by consultants specialised by species. The IDENA group is made up of departments covering areas such as research and development, animal nutrition engineering and the manufacture of premixes and innovative specialities. This enables each entity to focus fully on its core business, whilst benefiting from the Group’s stability, experience and long term vision.

110 people are currently cooperating at IDENA, with Mr. Renaud Domitile as CEO and Mr. Massoud Aoun as General Manager. The commercial team is led by Mr. Franck Vaillant, Commercial Director, with 6 Regional Export Managers to cover the 5 continents.

Team of experts from the group also carry out on-farm audits to better adapt the formulation and use of additives to the context of each livestock farm. Six people are offering technical support for poultry: Mrs. Anne MAHIEU, Nutritionist-Head of Poultry Department, Dr. Jean-Marie WATIER- Vet Poultry Specialist, Ms. Amandine CANIN-Poultry Nutritionist Engineer, Mr. Khalil AOUAD, Poultry Nutritionist Engineer, and Mr. Bohdan BODNAR, Poultry Nutritionist Engineer, and also Mr. Renaud Domitile, CEO which is recognized worldwide for his nutrition expertise.

The 2000s saw the internationalisation of the Group’s activities. The company offers its services to hundreds of customers, both feed manufacturers and players in the animal sector, spread across France to more than 60 countries spanning five continents. It has succeeded in establishing its fundamentals and convictions in the animal nutrition market, developing them and continuing to build on them.

The Group has a robust central structure, which ensures strategic consistency, supports the development of its subsidiaries and fosters synergies between areas of expertise. The company’s annual revenue was approximately €50 million in 2025

With the future collaboration with Distributors in India, IDENA group has great plans to expand its presence in India, which has the world’s biggest livestock population said Mr. Renaud Domitile, CEO. The India poultry market is driven by strong demand for affordable animal protein and rapid industry structuring. However, it remains a highly competitive and price-sensitive market, where solutions must combine technical performance with clear economic return added Mr. Khalil AOUAD, Poultry Nutritionist Engineer.

Mr. Franck Vaillant, Commercial Director said through IDENA product innovation, India’s poultry and livestock sector will be immensely benefited to better feed and increase in productivity because of improvement in animal health. IDENA’s strength compared to most of its competitors lies not only in the fact that the company offers a range of innovative phytogenic products designed to improve feed efficiency and livestock performance, but that this offering is backed by extensive expertise in animal nutrition, feed formulation and livestock management, which IDENA’s teams make available to their partner clients.

For further information about IDENA poultry, dairy and piggery products, kindly visit IDENA Website: http://www.idena.fr/

Introduction
The poultry industry is one of the fastest-growing segments of global agriculture and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security, nutritional sustainability, and rural livelihoods. Poultry meat and eggs are among the most affordable and widely consumed sources of high-quality animal protein. However, the economic sustainability of poultry farming is increasingly threatened by rising feed costs, which account for nearly 65–75% of total production expenditure in commercial poultry enterprises. Among feed ingredients, soybean meal (SBM) constitutes the primary protein source because of its superior amino acid profile, high digestibility, and consistent nutrient availability. Nevertheless, volatility in soybean prices due to climate change, global trade disruptions, geopolitical conflicts, biofuel competition, transportation costs, and fluctuating international commodity markets has significantly increased production costs in poultry farming. The dependence on imported soybean meal in many developing countries, including India, further exposes poultry producers to supply chain uncertainties and foreign exchange fluctuations. Consequently, poultry nutritionists and farm managers are actively exploring alternative protein sources and innovative farm management strategies to reduce feed costs while maintaining productivity, flock health, and profitability. Simultaneously, advances in precision poultry farming, digital technologies, environmental control systems, and feed efficiency optimization are transforming poultry production into a more data-driven and economically resilient enterprise. The integration of nutritionally viable soymeal alternatives with smart farm management practices offers a promising pathway toward sustainable poultry production under conditions of escalating feed prices.

Importance of Soybean Meal in Poultry Nutrition
Soybean meal has long been regarded as the benchmark protein ingredient in poultry diets because of its excellent nutritional characteristics. Typically containing 44–48% crude protein, soybean meal provides an ideal balance of essential amino acids, particularly lysine, which is often limiting in cereal-based diets. Its high digestibility, palatability, and relatively low fibre content make it highly suitable for broilers, layers, breeders, and turkeys.
In broiler nutrition, soybean meal supports rapid muscle development, efficient feed conversion, and improved carcass quality. In layer production, it contributes to enhanced egg production, egg mass, and shell quality. Furthermore, soybean meal contains beneficial bioactive compounds and functional peptides that positively influence gut health and immune responses.

Despite these advantages, excessive dependence on soybean meal has created several challenges for the poultry industry. Global soybean production is concentrated in a limited number of countries, making supply chains vulnerable to climatic events, geopolitical instability, and export restrictions. Additionally, soybean cultivation has been associated with deforestation, biodiversity loss, and environmental concerns, especially in South America. Increasing competition between feed, food, and biofuel sectors has also intensified pressure on soybean availability and pricing.

As feed costs continue to rise, the poultry industry is increasingly compelled to diversify protein sources and adopt more economically sustainable feeding strategies.

Economic Consequences of Rising Feed Cost in Poultry Production
Feed cost inflation directly reduces profit margins in poultry enterprises. Since poultry production operates on relatively narrow economic margins, even modest increases in feed prices can significantly affect profitability. Broiler production is particularly sensitive because of short production cycles and high feed consumption rates. Similarly, in layer operations, prolonged periods of elevated feed prices may substantially reduce returns over feed cost.

Rising feed costs result in several economic consequences:
– Increased cost per kilogram of live weight gain.
– Reduced feed conversion efficiency under poor-quality diets.
– Decline in egg production profitability.
– Increased market price of poultry products.
– Reduced competitiveness of small-scale producers.
– Lower farm expansion and investment capacity.

In many regions, feed manufacturers and poultry producers respond by reformulating diets with lower-cost ingredients. However, indiscriminate replacement of soybean meal without proper nutritional balancing may impair growth performance, immunity, carcass quality, and reproductive efficiency. Therefore, economically sustainable poultry production requires a scientific approach that combines alternative feed ingredients with precision nutritional management.

Oilseed Meals as Alternatives to Soybean Meal
Oilseed by-products are among the most practical alternatives to soybean meal in poultry feeding systems. Several oilseed meals possess substantial protein content and can partially replace soybean meal when diets are appropriately formulated.

Canola Meal
Canola meal contains approximately 35–40% crude protein and is rich in sulphur-containing amino acids. It can effectively replace part of soybean meal in broiler and layer diets. However, its higher fibre content and presence of glucosinolates may limit inclusion levels.

Sunflower Meal
Sunflower meal is another important protein source with good methionine content. Dehulled sunflower meal possesses improved nutrient density and can be used efficiently in poultry rations. Enzyme supplementation enhances its digestibility.

Cottonseed Meal
Cottonseed meal provides substantial protein but contains gossypol, a toxic pigment that restricts its inclusion in poultry diets. Proper processing and iron supplementation may reduce toxicity concerns.

Groundnut Cake
Groundnut cake is widely used in India and other Asian countries because of its local availability and moderate protein content. However, aflatoxin contamination remains a major concern requiring strict quality control measures.

Sesame and Linseed Cakes
These oilseed cakes provide supplementary protein and beneficial fatty acids, although their use is often limited by fibre content and anti-nutritional factors. Oilseed meals can substantially reduce feed costs when incorporated scientifically with amino acid balancing and enzyme supplementation.

Use of Legume Grains in Poultry Feeding
Legume grains are gaining popularity as sustainable and locally available protein alternatives in poultry nutrition. Commonly used legumes include peas, lupins, chickpeas, pigeon pea, and faba beans.
Nutritional Advantages
– Moderate to high protein content.
– Good starch availability.
– Reduced dependence on imported soybean meal.
– Nitrogen fixation benefits in agriculture.
– Lower environmental footprint.

Constraints
– Presence of tannins, trypsin inhibitors, lectins, and non-starch polysaccharides.
– Lower methionine content compared to soybean meal.
– Variability in nutrient composition.

Modern processing technologies such as extrusion, roasting, soaking, dehulling, and fermentation help reduce anti-nutritional factors and improve nutrient utilization. In broiler diets, partial replacement of soybean meal with processed legumes has demonstrated satisfactory growth performance and feed efficiency.
The use of locally cultivated legumes can also strengthen regional feed security and reduce transportation-related costs.

Distillers Dried Grains and Agro-Industrial By-Products
Agro-industrial by-products represent an economically valuable resource for poultry feeding. The poultry industry increasingly utilizes these ingredients within circular economy models aimed at reducing waste and improving resource efficiency.

Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)
DDGS is a by-product of ethanol production and contains considerable protein, fat, phosphorus, and digestible energy. It is widely used in broiler and layer diets at moderate inclusion levels.
Rice Bran
Rice bran is abundantly available in rice-producing countries and provides energy, oil, vitamins, and moderate protein. Stabilization is necessary to prevent rancidity.
Wheat Bran and Pollard
These by-products supply fibre, phosphorus, and moderate protein but are generally used at lower inclusion rates in poultry because of high fibre levels.
Brewer’s Grains
Brewer’s grains can serve as low-cost feed ingredients after proper drying and preservation.
Bakery Waste
Processed bakery waste offers a highly digestible energy source capable of partially replacing maize in poultry diets. Although agro-industrial by-products reduce feed costs, variability in nutrient composition necessitates routine laboratory analysis and quality assurance.

Insect Meal as a Novel Protein Source
Insect meal has emerged as a highly promising alternative protein source for poultry production. Black soldier fly larvae meal, mealworm meal, and housefly larvae meal possess high crude protein levels and favourable amino acid profiles.

Advantages of Insect Meal
– Excellent digestibility.
– High protein concentration.
– Efficient conversion of organic waste into biomass.
– Reduced land and water use.
– Lower environmental impact compared to soybean cultivation.

Studies have shown that insect meal can partially replace soybean meal and fishmeal in broiler diets without adversely affecting growth performance or carcass quality. Some insect-derived lipids also possess antimicrobial properties that may support gut health.

However, large-scale commercialization faces several limitations:
– High production costs.
– Regulatory constraints.
– Limited industrial infrastructure.
– Consumer perception challenges.
As production technologies improve, insect meal may become increasingly competitive as a sustainable protein source for poultry feeding.

Algae, Single Cell Proteins, and Fermented Feed Ingredients
Microalgae and microbial proteins represent future-oriented feed resources with substantial potential for poultry nutrition.

Microalgae
Species such as Spirulina and Chlorella contain high-quality protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and pigments. In layer diets, algae supplementation enhances yolk pigmentation and antioxidant status.
Single Cell Protein (SCP)
Yeast, bacteria, and fungal biomass can provide highly digestible protein with rapid production rates and minimal land requirement.
Fermented Feed Ingredients
Fermentation improves nutrient availability and reduces anti-nutritional compounds in feed ingredients. Fermented soybean meal, fermented legumes, and probiotic-enriched feeds enhance gut health and nutrient absorption in poultry.

These technologies contribute to improved feed conversion efficiency and may reduce dependence on expensive conventional protein sources.

Precision Nutrition and Least-Cost Feed Formulation
Precision nutrition is essential for maintaining profitability during periods of feed cost escalation. Modern least-cost formulation software allows nutritionists to design diets that meet nutrient requirements at minimum cost while incorporating alternative ingredients.

Major Precision Nutrition Approaches
– Digestible amino acid formulation.
– Ideal protein concept.
– Phase feeding.
– Precision protein nutrition.
– Net energy systems.
– Use of synthetic amino acids.

The supplementation of lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, and tryptophan enables significant reduction in crude protein levels without compromising performance. Lower protein diets reduce feed cost, nitrogen excretion, and metabolic stress.

Feed enzymes such as phytase, xylanase, protease, and β-glucanase further enhance nutrient digestibility and improve utilization of unconventional feed ingredients.

Precision nutrition therefore represents a cornerstone strategy for economical poultry production under volatile feed markets.

Smart Feeding Systems and Feed Wastage Reduction
Feed wastage significantly contributes to economic losses in poultry farming. Smart feeding technologies help optimize feed distribution, minimize wastage, and improve feed efficiency.

Important Smart Feeding Technologies
– Automated feeding systems.
– Sensor-based feed dispensers.
– Precision feed allocation systems.
– Real-time feed intake monitoring.
– Smart silos and inventory systems.
Automated systems ensure uniform feed distribution and reduce labour dependency. Sensor technologies can detect abnormal feed consumption patterns, enabling early identification of health or management problems.

Proper feeder design, adjustment of feeder height, and prevention of feed spillage also play important roles in minimizing wastage. Even small reductions in feed wastage can substantially improve farm profitability during periods of high feed prices.

Environmental Control and Poultry House Management
Environmental management strongly influences feed intake, nutrient utilization, and overall poultry performance. Poor environmental conditions reduce growth rate, impair immunity, and worsen feed conversion efficiency.

Critical Environmental Factors
– Temperature.
– Humidity.
– Ventilation.
– Air quality.
– Lighting programs.
– Litter management.

Heat stress is particularly detrimental in tropical and subtropical poultry production systems. Birds exposed to high temperatures reduce feed intake, resulting in lower body weight gain and egg production.

Modern environmentally controlled poultry houses utilize:
– Tunnel ventilation.
– Evaporative cooling systems.
– Automated climate control.
– Smart sensors for temperature and humidity monitoring.
These systems help maintain optimal environmental conditions, improve bird comfort, and enhance feed efficiency.

Gut Health Management and Feed Efficiency
Maintaining optimal gut health is essential for efficient nutrient utilization and profitability in poultry production. Intestinal health directly affects digestion, absorption, immunity, and feed conversion efficiency.

Key Gut Health Strategies
– Probiotics.
– Prebiotics.
– Organic acids.
– Phytogenic feed additives.
– Enzymes.
– Competitive exclusion products.

The reduction in antibiotic growth promoter usage has increased the importance of alternative gut health management approaches. Healthy intestinal microflora improves nutrient digestibility and reduces disease susceptibility.

Mycotoxin management is equally critical because contaminated feed ingredients can impair gut integrity, suppress immunity, and reduce productivity. The use of toxin binders and strict feed quality control helps maintain flock performance under challenging feeding conditions.

Digital Technologies and Precision Poultry Farming
Precision poultry farming integrates digital technologies, automation, sensors, artificial intelligence, and data analytics to optimize poultry production efficiency.

Applications of Precision Poultry Farming
– Real-time flock monitoring.
– Automated mortality detection.
– Feed and water consumption analysis.
– Environmental monitoring.
– Predictive disease surveillance.
– Behavioural analysis using cameras and sensors.

Artificial intelligence-based systems can identify deviations in flock behaviour before visible clinical signs appear. Early disease detection reduces mortality losses and treatment costs.

Cloud-based management platforms allow integration of production, nutrition, health, and financial data for better decision-making. Data-driven management improves resource utilization and supports economic sustainability.

Sustainability and Climate-Resilient Poultry Production

Sustainable poultry production requires balancing economic profitability with environmental responsibility. Rising feed costs and climate-related disruptions highlight the need for resilient feeding systems and efficient resource utilization.

Important Sustainability Strategies
– Diversification of feed ingredients.
– Use of locally available feed resources.
– Circular economy approaches.
– Reduction of feed carbon footprint.
– Water conservation.
– Renewable energy utilization.

Climate-smart poultry production systems emphasize resilience against heat stress, feed shortages, disease outbreaks, and market volatility. Alternative proteins such as legumes, insect meal, algae, and agro-industrial by-products contribute to greater feed system sustainability.

The integration of smart technologies further improves resource efficiency and environmental performance.

Way Forward
Rising feed costs represent one of the most significant challenges confronting modern poultry production systems. Since soybean meal remains a major contributor to feed expenses, reducing dependency on conventional soybean-based diets has become an economic necessity for poultry producers worldwide. A wide range of alternative protein sources—including oilseed meals, legumes, agro-industrial by-products, insect meal, algae, microbial proteins, and fermented feed ingredients—offer considerable potential for reducing feed costs while maintaining productive performance.

However, successful incorporation of soymeal alternatives requires scientific feed formulation, proper ingredient processing, amino acid balancing, quality control, and strategic use of feed additives and enzymes. No single alternative ingredient can completely replace soybean meal under all production conditions; therefore, diversified and flexible feeding programs are essential.

Equally important is the adoption of smart farm management systems that improve feed efficiency and operational sustainability. Precision nutrition, automated feeding systems, environmental control technologies, gut health management, digital monitoring platforms, and artificial intelligence-based decision support systems can substantially enhance profitability during periods of volatile feed prices.

The future poultry industry will increasingly depend on the integration of alternative feed resources with precision poultry farming technologies. Producers capable of combining nutritional innovation, smart management, and sustainability-oriented practices will be better positioned to withstand economic uncertainties and maintain long-term profitability. Thus, exploring soymeal alternatives alongside intelligent farm management is not merely a temporary response to rising feed costs, but a strategic transformation toward resilient, efficient, and sustainable poultry production systems for the future.

The 7th edition of the Global Talks Series presents an inspiring conversation with Ms. Tori Sorensen, a globally respected advocate for sustainable agriculture, soybean processing, and animal nutrition education. This edition explores Tori Sorensen’s journey from her farm roots in Iowa to becoming a global voice in soy innovation and protein security. Through her leadership at Insta-Pro International and contributions with U.S. Soybean Export Council (USSEC), she has helped advance feed processing technologies, sustainable animal nutrition, and global education initiatives across more than 100 countries. As former Chair of the Soy Excellence Center (SEC) Committee, Tori played a leading role in strengthening global training programs for feed manufacturing and agribusiness professionals, including the establishment of SEC India. Her work continues to inspire the poultry and livestock industries through innovation, education, and a strong commitment to global protein security.

Career Summary:
In a world where global food systems face sustainability and production challenges, Tori Sorensen has built a career focused on advancing global agriculture through education and communication in soybean processing and animal nutrition. As Marketing Director for Insta-Pro International, she has helped expand the company’s global presence by promoting sustainable feed processing solutions across international markets. Outside her position at Insta-Pro, Tori has become a thought leader and a staunch advocate for sustainable agriculture practices and education on soybean processing.

Early Career/Background:
Raised on a farm in southeast Iowa, agriculture and the value of hard work played a defining role in shaping Tori’s life and career. She experienced the realities of farm life first hand by detasseling corn, walking beans, helping with the family grain bin business, and learning to drive a tractor before she even learned to drive a car.
Like many farm families impacted by the 1980s farm crisis in the United States, her family faced significant hardship, including losing their farm and home at auction. Those experiences left a lasting impact and helped shape her perspective on resilience, opportunity, and education. Inspired by her father’s belief that “they can take everything from you, but they can’t take away your education.” Sorensen developed a deep passion for agricultural education and leadership development, which continues to influence her work in her global agriculture outreach today.

Marketing Director at Insta-Pro International:
As current Marketing Director for Insta-Pro International, Tori Sorensen has helped build global partnerships focused on soybean processing, feed efficiency, and animal nutrition education. Working with customers and distributors in more than 100 countries, for the last 12 years, she has supported international outreach efforts that promote high-shear dry extrusion technology and sustainable soy processing solutions for poultry, livestock, and feed production. Her role often combines technical education with relationship-building, helping connect feed producers and processors around the world with U.S. soy innovation and processing expertise.

Global Partnerships and Outreach:
Through her leadership at Insta-Pro International and former volunteer positions at USSEC, Tori has leveraged her expertise and resources to lead workshops, presentations, technical trainings, and international outreach programs focused on soybean processing and animal nutrition education. By combining Insta-Pro’s expertise in high-shear dry extrusion and feed processing with USSEC’s global education initiatives, she has helped connect producers, nutritionists, feed mills, and agribusiness leaders from across the globe with practical knowledge on feed efficiency, soybean meal quality, and sustainable protein production. Her work centers on creating collaborative learning opportunities that strengthen industry partnerships while advancing the understanding of U.S. soy technologies in global markets.

USSEC Leadership:

In addition to her role at Insta-Pro International, Tori has also served in several leadership positions with the U.S. Soybean Export Council (USSEC), including Board of Directors (2019-2025) founding Chair of the SEC (Soy Excellence Center) Committee (2019-2025) and Co-Chair of the Animal and Aquaculture Utilization Team from 2017 to 2019. As Chair of the SEC she led the establishment and growth of the educational programs designed to train emerging leaders in feed manufacturing and agribusiness across the globe. The centers focus on advancing animal nutrition, supporting sustainable protein production, and strengthening international trust in U.S. soybean quality and processing technologies.

Spotlight on India & USSEC SEC
As Chairwoman, Tori led the SEC global presence, in four regions – Americas, Asia, MENA, and Sub-Saharan Africa with focused Centers in Thailand, Egypt, Nigeria, and established in 2024, India.

With 1.4 billion people strong and a rapidly growing economy, India is one of the worlds largest and most diversified food producers with agriculture contributing to over 20% of the economy. Challenged with a young workforce and unique market needs, the SEC program aligned with the Indian government’s focus on skills development for youth, making them ready for jobs under the ‘Skills India’ initiative.

In 2024; Tori, along with 14 Industry Leaders from India and the SEC Global Advisory Panel, held its inaugural meeting in Mumbai. This meeting provided guidance and direction on tailoring SEC offerings to solve key training challenges and operational hurdles in India’s food and agribusiness operations.

During her tenure as Chairwoman of the SEC, Tori led this transformative training program, preparing over 20,000 participants globally with the skills needed to be future-ready. Making her a strong advocate for global protein security through soy innovation and animal nutrition. A fitting legacy to her father’s belief in the importance, permanence and impact of education.

“Education is the most sustainable investment we can make for the future of global agriculture. When we empower people with knowledge, innovation, and opportunity, we strengthen food security and create a better future for generations to come.” 

— Tori Sorensen

Abstract
The global poultry market has experienced significant expansion over the past three decades, driven by rising incomes, urbanization, dietary shifts, improvements in production technologies, and evolving consumer preferences. Poultry meat and eggs are now among the most widely consumed animal protein sources globally. Despite robust growth trajectories, the sector faces multifaceted challenges, including disease outbreaks, feed cost volatility, sustainability pressures, trade tensions, regulatory complexity, and animal welfare concerns. This review examines the current dynamics of the global poultry market, identifies key growth opportunities, explores systemic and structural challenges, and outlines strategic considerations for stakeholders. The paper synthesizes production and consumption trends, discusses supply-chain transformation, and highlights policy implications relevant to producers, industry actors, and global food security agendas.
Keywords: poultry market, poultry production, consumption trends, animal health, sustainability, global trade, feed resource pressures

1. Introduction
The poultry sector occupies a central position in the global agri-food system, supplying an estimated 130 million tonnes of poultry meat and over 80 million tonnes of eggs annually (most recent FAO/USDA estimates). Poultry’s competitive advantage lies in its relative efficiency in converting feed to edible protein, rapid flock turnover, adaptability to diverse production systems, and broad consumer acceptance.

The global poultry market comprises diverse value chains—from large, vertically integrated producers in North America and Europe to smallholder and backyard operations in Africa and Asia. Structural transformation in emerging economies has accelerated poultry’s contribution to GDP, employment, and rural livelihoods. Consumption patterns reflect the interplay of economic growth, cultural food preferences, price elasticity, and health perceptions.

However, this dynamic industry operates within a complex environment marked by rising feed costs, global pandemics impacting animal and human health, environmental sustainability imperatives, and regulatory fragmentation.
Understanding the multifactorial opportunities and challenges shaping the poultry market is essential for sustainable policy and investment decisions.

2. Global Poultry Market Overview

2.1 Production Trends
Global poultry production has grown steadily, with compound annual growth rates (CAGR) of 3–4% over the last decade. Key producers include the United States, China, Brazil, the European Union, and India. Brazil has emerged as a dominant exporter, particularly in broiler exports to the Middle East, Asia, and Africa.

Poultry’s growth outpaces other livestock sectors due to:
– Favourable feed conversion ratios (FCR).
– Short production cycles (5–7 weeks for broilers).
– Technological advancements in genetics and nutrition
– Expansion of commercial hatchery and feed mill capacity.

Regional production characteristics differ:
– North America and Europe: Highly industrialized, integrated supply chains.
– Latin America: Strong export orientation with competitive cost structures
– Asia: High consumption growth driven by population size and rising incomes
– Africa: Mixed systems with predominance of smallholder production and emerging commercial zones.

2.2 Consumption Patterns
Poultry consumption has outpaced other meats globally, with poultry meat now representing over 40% of total meat consumption in many countries. Drivers of demand include:
– Affordability relative to beef and pork.
– Perceived health benefits (lower fat content)
– Culinary versatility
– Cultural and religious acceptability (chicken widely accepted globally).

Egg consumption also remains strong as a low-cost source of high-quality protein, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
2.3 Trade Dynamics
Trade in poultry products is a critical factor shaping global market balances. Key export nations (Brazil, the United States, EU-27) supply major importing regions such as China, Japan, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Trade policies, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, and bilateral agreements influence market access and competitiveness.

Export growth is influenced by:
– Currency exchange rates
– SPS compliance
– Consumer preferences (e.g., halal, antibiotic-free)
– Logistic infrastructure and cold chain capacity

3. Opportunities in the Global Poultry Market
3.1 Rising Global Demand
Population growth and urbanization are projected to increase global demand for animal protein. The FAO projects meat demand to rise by 14% by 2030, with poultry accounting for a large share of this increase due to its cost competitiveness and consumer acceptance.

Key demand accelerators include:
– Expansion of the middle class in Asia and Africa
– Increased purchasing power and dietary diversification
– Retail and food service growth (quick service restaurants)
3.2 Technological Advancements
Innovation across the value chain presents opportunities to enhance productivity and sustainability:
– Genetics: Improved broiler and layer strains with better FCR and disease resilience.
– Precision nutrition: Formulation software and feed additives (enzymes, probiotics)
– Automation: Climate-controlled housing, automated feeders, and data-driven management
Digital tools—such as IoT sensors, predictive analytics, and blockchain for traceability—are transforming production, quality control, and supply chain transparency.

3.3 Value-Added Products and Market Segmentation
Consumers increasingly seek value-added poultry products (ready-to-eat, convenience cuts), organic and free-range options, and niche segments (e.g., antibiotic-free, non-GMO). Urban middle-income consumers drive demand for premiumization.
Emerging product categories include:
– Prepared meals.
– Specialty eggs (omega-3 enriched)
– Ethnic and functional poultry products
3.4 Export Growth and Market Diversification
Countries with cost advantages and efficient logistics can expand exports. Trade agreements (e.g., MERCOSUR preferences in the EU market) and niche market access (halal certification) create export opportunities.
Export prospects are amplified by:
– Infrastructure investment in cold chain and ports.
– SPS harmonization under WTO frameworks.
– E-commerce platforms facilitating cross-border trade
3.5 Sustainability and Circular Bioeconomy Practices
Sustainability imperatives offer opportunities for innovation:
– Feed efficiency reduces resource use and greenhouse gas emissions
– Alternative feed resources (DDGS, insect meal) reduce dependence on conventional grains
– Manure management technologies provide renewable energy and biofertilizers
Consumers and regulators increasingly value sustainability certification, carbon labelling, and responsible sourcing.

4. Major Challenges Facing the Global Poultry Market

4.1 Feed Cost Volatility
Feed accounts for 60–70% of poultry production costs. Maize and soybean price swings due to weather events, commodity speculation, and biofuel policy interactions significantly influence profitability. Feed cost volatility impacts producers’ planning and price competitiveness.
Risk factors include:
– Climate change effects on crop yields
– Competing demand from biofuel sectors
– Trade disruptions and tariff barriers
4.2 Disease Outbreaks and Animal Health Risks
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), Newcastle disease, avian mycoplasma, and emerging viral pathogens pose ongoing risks. Outbreaks lead to flock depopulation, trade restrictions, and loss of consumer confidence.
Key challenges:
– Cross-border movement of pathogens.
– Wild bird reservoirs
– Vaccine access and cold chain logistics in LMICs
Biosecurity adoption is uneven, especially in smallholder systems.
4.3 Environmental and Resource Constraints
Poultry production, while more efficient than other meats, still contributes to environmental footprints:
– Nutrient runoff and water quality impacts.
– Greenhouse gas emissions from manure decomposition
– Land use for feed crop production
Environmental regulations impose compliance costs and may constrain expansion in sensitive regions.
4.4 Regulatory Fragmentation and Trade Barriers
Divergent regulations on food safety, animal welfare, antibiotic use, and labelling create complexity for multinational operations. SPS measures, though justified by food safety, are sometimes perceived as trade barriers.
Regulatory challenges include:
– Differing maximum residue limits (MRLs)
– Antibiotic growth promoter bans
– Varied certification requirements across markets
4.5 Consumer Perceptions and Animal Welfare Concerns
Public awareness of animal welfare, antibiotic resistance, and food safety influences purchasing behaviour. Negative media coverage of factory farming practices can suppress demand and lead to restrictive legislation.
Animal welfare certification (e.g., free-range, cage-free) increases costs and requires investment by producers.
4.6 Inequities in Market Access
Smallholder and family poultry producers face structural disadvantages:
– Limited access to quality inputs (chicks, feed, vaccines)
– Weak integration into formal value chains
– Poor access to credit and market information
Addressing inclusivity is crucial for food security in developing regions.

5. Analytical Perspectives on Key Systemic Issues

5.1 Feed Resource Dependence and Innovation Imperatives
The poultry sector’s dependence on maize and soybean meal exposes it to agricultural commodity risks. Strategic diversification requires:
– Development of alternative protein sources (DDGS, legumes, single-cell proteins)
– Feed enzymes and amino acid supplementation technologies
– Localizing feed ingredient value chains
Policy support for agricultural diversification and feed industry investment is necessary.
5.2 Disease Control and Biosecurity Scaling
Global disease control requires:
– Harmonized surveillance systems
– Rapid reporting and compensation mechanisms
– Biosecurity training and infrastructure, especially in smallholder settings
Public–private partnerships can accelerate vaccine deployment and extension services.
5.3 Environmental Sustainability Integration
Life cycle assessment (LCA) frameworks help identify hotspots for environmental mitigation. Opportunities include:
– Precision feeding to reduce nutrient excretion
– Renewable energy integration (biogas from litter)
– Water recycling systems in processing plants
Sustainability reporting and carbon footprint labelling are emerging market differentiators.
5.4 Digital and Data-Driven Transformation
Digital transformation can help optimize production and supply chains:
– Real-time flock monitoring
– Predictive analytics for disease and performance
– Blockchain for traceability and food safety assurance
Investment in digital literacy and infrastructure is essential.

6. Regional Market Insights
6.1 North America
North America exhibits high levels of industry integration, advanced genetics, and robust export markets. Regulatory frameworks increasingly emphasize antibiotic stewardship and traceability.
6.2 Europe
European poultry markets are mature, with emphasis on animal welfare, sustainability, and niche segments. Regulatory stringency presents compliance costs but also premium market opportunities.
6.3 Asia
Asia represents the largest consumption market with rapid per capita meat demand growth. China, India, and Southeast Asian nations present divergent market structures—ranging from industrial poultry to traditional smallholder systems.
6.4 Latin America
Latin America’s cost-competitive producers dominate export markets, especially for broilers. Investments in processing and compliance with SPS standards enhance competitiveness.
6.5 Africa
Africa’s poultry sector is heterogeneous; many countries have smallholder dominance, limited feed industry capacity, and infrastructure constraints. However, urban demand growth signals substantial opportunities.

7. Strategic Policy and Industry Actions
7.1 Supporting Research and Development
Public and private investments in R&D can accelerate:
– Genetics for disease resistance
– Nutritional innovations
– Sustainable housing systems
Collaborative research platforms and knowledge sharing can enhance global productivity.
7.2 Enhancing Value Chain Competitiveness
Investments in cold chain, logistics, and processing infrastructure reduce post-harvest losses and expand market access. Policies that facilitate credit for small and medium enterprises can strengthen inclusivity.
7.3 Strengthening Trade Cooperation
Harmonizing SPS standards and reducing tariff barriers under multilateral frameworks can expand global trade and reduce market fragmentation.
7.4 Promoting Sustainable Intensification
Incentivizing nutrient management, renewable energy adoption, and reduced GHG emissions aligns sector growth with climate commitments.
7.5 Consumer Education and Market Development
Transparent labelling, food safety assurance systems, and communication about nutritional benefits can bolster consumer confidence.

8. Conclusion
The global poultry market stands at the intersection of rapid demand growth, technological evolution, and systemic challenges that require integrated policy and industry responses. Opportunities abound in expanding consumption, trade, product diversification, and sustainability innovation. Simultaneously, feed cost volatility, disease risks, regulatory complexity, and environmental pressures demand strategic investment, coordinated governance, and adaptive industry practices. Sustainable growth of the global poultry sector hinges on balanced approaches that combine productivity enhancement with welfare, environmental stewardship, and economic inclusion. The interplay of global trade, domestic policy, and local production systems will shape the future trajectory of this vital agri-food sector.

During my interaction with Dr. Andreas Lewke, Managing Director (Thailand) at Dr. Eckel Animal Nutrition, Germany, I gained valuable insights into how phytogenic feed additives and sustainable nutrition strategies are shaping the future of poultry production and why India remains a key growth market for science-based nutrition solutions. With over two decades of experience across Asia, Dr. Lewke has worked closely with poultry integrators, feed mills and nutritionists to improve gut health, feed efficiency, bird robustness and profitability through plant-derived active ingredients. Our discussion highlighted how these phytogenic solutions can help Indian poultry producers address challenges such as feed cost volatility, disease pressure, heat stress and reduced antibiotic use, while delivering measurable long-term value.

Ricky Thaper: For our readers in India, could you briefly introduce Dr. Eckel Animal Nutrition?
Dr. Andreas Lewke: Dr. Eckel Animal Nutrition is a family-owned company from Germany, founded more than 30 years ago. From the very beginning we have focused on innovative feed additives that combine animal health, performance and sustainability. Today we are one of the international specialists for phytogenic solutions based on plant-derived active ingredients. Our products are used in poultry, swine, ruminant and aquaculture nutrition around the world. The aim is always the same: to help our customers achieve direct and long-term success with healthy growth, high-quality products and efficient, resource-friendly production.

” Phytogenic nutrition isn’t a concept for tomorrow—it’s delivering performance, health and profitability in poultry production today.”

– Dr Andreas Lewke

Ricky Thaper: What makes Dr. Eckel’s solutions particularly relevant for poultry producers in a market like India?
Dr. Andreas Lewke: In many markets, advanced feed additives are sometimes still seen as “nice to have” products. Our experience in Asia shows that, under today’s competitive conditions, they are much more than that: in fact, they are important tools for securing performance and profit.

Our phytogenic products support gut health, feed efficiency and overall robustness of the birds, whether by helping them cope with stress, pathogen pressure or by diminishing the burden of endotoxins. Together, these concepts help producers to get more value from every kilogram of feed, to stabilise performance under challenging conditions and to protect product quality, while supporting strategies to reduce the reliance on antibiotics and to respond to customer expectations for safe, high-quality poultry meat and eggs. We know that Indian poultry professionals already run very sophisticated operations. Our goal is to offer solutions that fit into these systems and add measurable value where it matters most.

Ricky Thaper: Could you tell us a bit about your own role and background?
Dr. Andreas Lewke: I am Managing Director of Dr. Eckel Animal Nutrition in Thailand and responsible for our activities in Asia. I have been working in the region for more than 20 years, always in the field of animal nutrition and feed additives. Over the years I have worked closely with integrators, feed mills and farmers across Asia. My main interest is how innovative, sustainable nutrition concepts can support both healthy animals and healthy profits.

Ricky Thaper: How do you see your connection to the Indian poultry sector in particular?
Dr. Andreas Lewke: India is a key part of our Asian focus. The scale, professionalism and speed of development in the Indian poultry industry are impressive. Over the years I have had many discussions with Indian colleagues at conferences and during customer visits in the region.

What I see is a very strong base of local expertise and entrepreneurial spirit. Indian poultry professionals are highly knowledgeable and very open to new ideas, but they rightly expect clear evidence and practical benefits. They ask tough, practical questions: does it work in my conditions, is it economic, does it help me secure my business in the long run? This mindset fits very well with how we work at Dr. Eckel.

Ricky Thaper: From your perspective, how would you describe the Indian poultry industry today – its strengths and its main challenges?
Dr. Andreas Lewke: India is already one of the largest poultry producers in the world and still has significant growth potential. Rising incomes, urbanisation and changing food habits are driving demand for affordable, high-quality animal protein. Poultry is often the first choice because it is accessible, versatile and fits well with consumer preferences.

At the same time, the industry needs to manage several challenges. Feed raw materials can be expensive and volatile, so producers need to get the maximum value from every ration. Disease pressure and biosecurity are constant topics, especially in high-density production areas.
There is also a clear move towards reducing antibiotic use and towards more sustainable, welfare-orientated production systems that make better use of resources. For us, this combination of strong market growth and pressure on costs and resources makes India not only one of the most important poultry markets globally but also one of the most inspiring to work with.

Ricky Thaper: In this context, how do you see Dr. Eckel contributing to Indian poultry in the coming years?
Dr. Andreas Lewke: We see our role as a trusted partner. Our task is to contribute proven tools and know-how that support the goals Indian companies have set for themselves. In practical terms, this means working to implement phytogenic concepts that fit Indian conditions. Our products support better gut health, more stable performance and consistent meat and egg quality, even under heat or pathogen stress and other challenges.

With our experience in the phytogenic sector, our solutions that unite profit, health and quality, our innovative portfolio and our flexible, customer-orientated service, we believe we can make a meaningful contribution to the continued success of the Indian poultry sector.

Ricky Thaper: Finally, what message would you like to share with Indian poultry professionals who are reading or watching this interview?
Dr. Andreas Lewke: First of all, I have great respect for what the Indian poultry industry has achieved. Indian poultry industry has built a strong, dynamic sector that keeps moving forward despite many external challenges. My message would be : “We at Dr. Eckel are keen to learn from Indian poultry industry leaders experience and to share our own expertise where it can help. If Indian poultry industry is interested in practical, sustainable nutrition concepts that support healthy growth, product quality and long-term success, we would be very happy to exchange ideas and explore how we can work together.”

Lode Nollet, Global Product Manager Poultry Enzymes, Huvepharma

Nutritional strategies to support the production of high quality, low cost and safe animal products are a must nowadays. The relationships between health, nutrition, welfare, and environment need to be considered. In poultry production, increasing feed costs are imposing pressure on the profitability of the farmer, so nutritionists seek to reduce feed costs whilst maintaining animal performance and gut health. Several strategies, with tangible tools to support this, are discussed in this article.

CONTROLLING COCCIDIOSIS

Coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, is one of the most widespread and difficult to manage poultry diseases, resulting in considerable economic losses in the broiler industry. Insufficient or inadequate control of coccidiosis will result in gut health damage and provide a pathway for other pathogens to proliferate.

For instance, suboptimal coccidiosis control combined with a high amount of undigested protein will create an ideal situation for the proliferation of Clostridia spp. Birds suffering from clinical coccidiosis will show typical signs like diarrhoea, bloody droppings, increased mortality, decreased feed intake and impaired performance.

Inadequate control of coccidiosis leads to impaired growth and feed conversion ratio, without the presence of evident clinical signs. This is subclinical coccidiosis.

Intensive methods of production of poultry favour the reproduction of Eimeria. Consequently, coccidiosis is a continuing problem requiring constant attention and, in the case of broilers, a need for continuous supplementation with anticoccidial drugs or coccidiosis vaccines, in addition to in-feed anticoccidials. Coccidiosis control combined with a good monitoring programme will be the base of any gut health management programme.

IMPROVING FEED DIGESTIBILITY

Improving digestibility of the feed can be achieved by selecting highly digestible feedstuffs. However, this will increase the feed price. The improvement of the digestibility of feed by using enzymes able to degrade Non-Starch Polysaccharides (the so-called NSPases) will not only lead to lowering the feed cost at formulation, but also exert a positive effect on the bird’s gut health.

The NSPases contain xylanase or xylanase-based enzymatic complexes, and their mode of action includes the hydrolysis of soluble arabinoxylans, which minimises intestinal viscosity, preventing the overgrowth of microflora and thereby reduces gut health disorders.

Together with the efficient reduction in viscosity, NSPases will also hydrolyse insoluble arabinoxylans. This action will unlock nutrients (mainly starch and proteins) which are trapped in the cell walls of the vegetable feed ingredients (the so called ‘cage effect’ of insoluble fibres).

Using the correct NSPase leads to improved digestibility of starch and protein. The latter is of particular importance as high levels of undigested protein in the (last) part of the intestine is a breeding ground for protein-loving pathogens like Clostridium spp, causing necrotic enteritis.

The breakdown of arabinoxylans by NSPase also yields arabino- oligosaccharides (AXOS) which are known to be fermented by the microflora in the lower part of the intestine to butyrate, which is a major energy source for villi regeneration allowing good gut health status.

Phytases have been shown not only to break down phytate to release phosphorus, but by doing so, to also destroy the anti-nutritional factor phytate.

This not only leads to a reduction of endogenous protein losses, but also liberates protein and amino acids which are complexed by phytate, enhancing their digestibility.

SUPPORTING THE MICROBIOTA

The relationship between a healthy gut and the animal’s microbiota is undeniable. As part of the holistic approach, the inclusion of probiotics in the nutritional programme offers a way of supporting gut health from a microbial perspective.

The mode of action of probiotics is usually multifactorial, including (but not limited to) the production of beneficial metabolites or the direct competition with unwanted bacteria. As a result, probiotics often help to balance the present microbiota and improve its robustness, supporting general gut health in the process. Probiotics can be incorporated into the feed or drinking water, depending on the strain and formulation used.

Although there are many commercial options available, the preferred product of choice should be based on a single unique strain, capable of forming spores and with a proven and researched mode of action. Such probiotics increase the ease of use, whilst ensuring product efficacy.

Good examples are B-Act®, containing viable spores of Bacillus licheniformis, based on Clostridium butyricum. Probiotics allow producers to support their animals’ gut health efficiently, setting them up for a successful production period from start to finish.

CONCLUSION

Gut health management is of paramount importance to the profitability of poultry farming. The strategy behind managing optimal gut health should contain a combination of the most important control tools on the market available today: an adequate and well thought-through coccidiosis control programme, combined with an NSP enzyme and a phytase, and topped off by a well-functioning probiotic.

To know more, please contact Huvepharma technical team

Huvepharma SEA (Pune) Pvt. Ltd.

42, ‘ Haridwar’, Road 2 A/B, Kalyani Nagar, Pune 411006 Customer Care Contact: +91 20 2665 4193

Email: salesindia@huvepharma.com Website: www.huvepharma.com

By : Dr Maloshrie Bora, Program Manager (Trace Minerals), Trouw Nutrition South Asia

Trace minerals such as zinc, copper, and manganese are fundamental to poultry health, acting as cofactors in vital biochemical pathways: skeletal development, immune defenses, antioxidative systems, enzyme functions, feathering, and reproductive performance. Yet, the typical composition of feed ingredients often falls short of modern poultry standards. That’s why precision mineral nutrition—providing the right mineral at the right time and in the right form—is essential to support optimal broiler growth, eggshell integrity in layers, and fertility in breeders.

While inorganic sources like sulfates and oxides have been staples for decades, they suffer from low bioavailability and reactiveness. These soluble compounds can prematurely release minerals, which then form insoluble complexes with phytate or binding agents in the gut, diminishing absorption and even degrading vitamins or enzymes in the premix. This not only reduces feed efficiency but also increases mineral excretion, raising environmental concerns. Organic (chelate) minerals improved this situation, but often at a premium cost and with variable potency. Enter the next generation: hydroxy trace minerals. Hydroxy trace minerals, like copper, zinc, and manganese hydroxychloride, represent the latest leap in mineral nutrition. Their crystalline, covalent structure is non-hygroscopic and non-reactive in feed and the upper gut. This structure allows slow, controlled release of minerals at the ideal intestinal absorption site, significantly improving bioavailability. They resist premature dissolution, ensuring minerals are released more slowly and absorbed where it matters most.

Research across poultry sectors consistently shows that hydroxy trace minerals outperform inorganic sources. Broilers fed hydroxy copper and zinc achieved 7–8% heavier carcasses and a noticeable boost in breast meat yield. In independent trials, hydroxy-supplemented flocks maintained or improved feed conversion ratios while using lower inclusion levels than sulfate-based diets . Moreover, in antibiotic-free or necrotic enteritis challenge models, hydroxy minerals reduced pathogen load and mortality, performing on par with ionophores. Layers also benefit: eggshell quality improves, feed remains stable longer (less oxidation), and FCR gains are consistent when inorganic Cu, Zn, Mn are replaced with hydroxy versions. Breeder flocks, too, see enhanced fertility and hatchability under precision hydroxy mineral regimes.
Beyond performance, hydroxy trace minerals contribute to gut integrity and immune defense. Broilers on hydroxy mineral diets exhibited reduced cecal enterobacteria and maintained tight junction integrity, translating into healthier birds and better carcass quality.

Discover IntelliBond®: Precision You Can Trust
Among hydroxy trace mineral solutions, Trouw Nutrition’s IntelliBond® stands out as a premium, thoroughly validated choice. Designed to optimize delivery of copper, zinc, and manganese, IntelliBond features:

– High bioavailability and potency : thanks to stable, covalent crystalline bonds that release minerals at the optimal intestinal site.

– Enhanced feed stability and nutrient preservation : safeguarding enzymes like phytase and vitamins from degradation in premixes

– Improved bird performance and economics : with independent studies showing better feed conversion, heavier carcasses, superior egg output, and healthier flocks under stress.

– Environmental sustainability : with reduced inclusion rates and lower mineral excretion promoting cleaner production.

– Unmatched versatility across poultry species and life stages : including broilers, layers, and breeders—even under challenging conditions like heat stress or compromised hygiene. This adaptability has been validated across multiple trials and production environments.

Proven Performance Across Poultry Types
A Spanish study comparing hydroxy vs. sulfate-fed broilers at nutritional levels found that those receiving hydroxy minerals (IntelliBond C and Z) achieved 7.4% higher live weights, 7.7% heavier carcasses, and 16.1% breast meat yield, versus 15.3% in the sulfate group. Another Trouw Nutrition joint trial with the University of New England demonstrated improved bone integrity (tibia breaking strength) and breast meat zinc content in broilers fed 100 ppm IntelliBond Zn, with gut integrity maintained. In antibiotic-free commercial conditions, hydroxy copper-chloride combined with organic acids matched or exceeded the performance gains of feed antibiotics while improving egg weight, mass, and feed efficiency in layer hens. These findings highlight the ability of IntelliBonds to deliver consistent productivity gains across broilers, layers, and breeders—even under stress or antibiotic-free regimes. Trouw Nutrition India has been pioneering mineral-precision feeding. “Trouw Talks” events in Karnal and Hyderabad, unveiled IntelliBond’s OptiSize® technology—highlighting uniform, stable crystals that protect premix integrity and animal performance. Trouw Nutrition’s new premix plant near Hyderabad supports local production of trace minerals, vitamins, and specialized premixes—readying India for advanced feed solutions. This investment and local research infrastructure underline Trouw Nutrition’s strong commitment to validating hydroxy mineral efficacy under Indian production conditions.

Why IntelliBond® Stands Out
Developed over two decades and backed by 200+ global trials, IntelliBond® hydroxy trace minerals ensure predictable delivery and dependable results through:
– Superior bioavailability due to controlled release and crystalline stability

– Enhanced feed stability, maintaining vitamins, enzymes, and reducing oxidation in premixes

– Animal performance gains, improving carcass weight, egg production, feed conversion, and profitability

– Gut health, by reducing pathogenic bacteria and preserving gut barrier integrity in broilers
– Environmental responsibility, lowering mineral excretion while supporting sustainability-focused operations

Precision Manufacturing and Traceability
Trouw Nutrition’s OptiSize® technology guarantees uniform particle size and non-hygroscopic behavior. Its low reactivity protects feed integrity, while rigorous traceability—from raw material origins to lot distribution—ensures feed safety and compliance.

Modern poultry production demands precision: the right trace mineral, in the right form, at the right level. Hydroxy trace minerals—especially IntelliBond®—deliver on that promise. Scientific evidence and Trouw Nutrition’s local investments prove that these superior minerals enhance productivity, welfare, and sustainability in broilers, layers, and breeders. By choosing IntelliBond®, nutritionists and producers gain a trusted, research-backed solution that fosters better performance, protects investments, and advances poultry industry goals in India and beyond.

Dr Bhaskar Choudhary
Animal Nutritionist
Biochem Zusatzstoffe Handels- und Produktionsgesellschaft mbH

Abstract:
In the modern poultry industry, ensuring optimal health and productivity in layers, breeders, and broilers under various stress conditions is vital. Feed additives like choline chloride, synthetic betaine (anhydrous and HCl forms), and natural betaine are used to enhance performance. However, synthetic choline chloride and betaine often contain residues of ethylene oxide and trimethylamine (TMA), which pose significant risks to poultry health, including fatty liver syndrome, reproductive challenges, and respiratory hazards. The chemical synthesis of these additives highlights the adverse effects of residue contamination and explains why natural Betaine (anhydrous )(Hepatron/Beta Pro BL) is the superior choice.

1. Chemical Synthesis of Choline Chloride, Betaine, and Betaine Hcl
Choline Chloride Synthesis:
Choline chloride is produced by reacting ethylene oxide with trimethylamine, followed by neutralization with hydrochloric acid:
C2H4O + (CH3)3N + HCl —- (CH3)3N+CH2CH2OH.Cl-

Synthetic Betaine Anhydrous Synthesis:
Betaine is synthesized by methylating glycine with trimethylamine:
NH2CH2COOH + 3(CH3)3N—– (CH3)3N+CH2COO-

Betaine Hydrochloride Synthesis:
Betaine HCl is formed by reacting betaine with hydrochloric acid:
(CH3)3N+CH2COO- + HCl —– (CH3)3N+CH2COOH.Cl-

2. Risks Associated with Ethylene Oxide and Trimethylamine Residues
Ethylene Oxide (EO): permissible limit 0.2mg/g
Source: Ethylene oxide is used as a key reactant in choline chloride synthesis.

Risks and Effects:
Fatty Liver: Ethylene oxide residues exacerbate lipid accumulation in the liver, leading to fatty liver syndrome, impairing metabolism and egg production in layers.
Reproductive Challenges: In breeders, EO residues can induce oxidative damage to ovarian tissues, affecting fertility and hatchability.
Respiratory Hazards: Chronic exposure to ethylene oxide fumes or residues increases oxidative stress in respiratory tissues, leading to reduced lung function and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

Trimethylamine (TMA): permissible limit 10 mg/kg
Source: TMA is used as a methyl donor in the production of choline chloride and synthetic betaine.

Risks and Effects:
Fatty Liver: Excess TMA disrupts lipid metabolism by impairing the synthesis of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), leading to hepatic fat accumulation.
Reproductive Challenges: In breeders, TMA residues interfere with reproductive hormone balance, reducing fertility and chick quality.
Respiratory Hazards: Volatile TMA emissions irritate the respiratory tract, causing chronic respiratory distress in broilers and layers, especially in poorly ventilated environments.

3. Challenges of Synthetic Additives in Poultry Nutrition
Residue Toxicity: Synthetic choline chloride and betaine often leave traces of ethylene oxide and TMA, causing long-term health risks.
Liver Dysfunction: These residues impair liver detoxification and metabolic efficiency, leading to reduced productivity.
Limited Stress Resilience: Synthetic forms lack the bioactive properties of natural betaine, making them less effective in managing stress.

4. Natural Betaine (anhydrous) (Hepatron/Beta Pro BL): A Safer and More Effective Solution
Residue-Free and Safe: Hepatron/Beta Pro BL, derived from natural sources, is free of ethylene oxide and TMA residues, eliminating the associated risks of liver damage, reproductive issues, and respiratory stress.
Superior Liver Support:
– Enhances lipid metabolism, preventing fatty liver syndrome.
– Boosts detoxification pathways to handle feed-related toxins more effectively.
Enhanced Stress Management:
– Natural osmoregulatory properties stabilize cellular hydration under heat and osmotic stress.
– Promotes better feed conversion and growth performance.

5. Correlation Between Natural Betaine and Poultry Health
Fatty Liver Syndrome Prevention: Natural betaine spares choline and methionine in feed, reducing the metabolic burden on the liver and enhancing lipid transport efficiency.
Reproductive Health Support: Hepatron/BetaPro BL optimizes methylation pathways, improving ovarian function, egg production, and hatchability in breeders and layers.
Respiratory Protection: Unlike TMA-containing additives, Hepatron/Beta Pro BL improves cellular hydration and stress tolerance, protecting the respiratory tract from environmental and metabolic stress.

6. Stress in Poultry: A Multi-Faceted Challenge
Types of Stress in Poultry:
1. Environmental Stress: Heat & cold (Environment) stress in broilers & layer
2. Nutritional Stress: Imbalanced diets and mycotoxin contamination.
3. Physiological Stress: Vaccination, debeaking, and transportation.
4. Production Stress: Egg production in layers and rapid growth demands in broilers.

Role of Hepatron/Beta Pro BL in Feed application for Stress Mitigation:
Layers: Reduces egg drop during heat/Cold stress (Environment physiologica stress/ and improves shell quality.
Breeders: Enhances fertility and hatchability under environmental and nutritional stress.
Broilers: Improves growth performance and livability during transportation and heat stress.
Application of Hepatron/BetaPro BL in Drinking water: 6 hours improved water intake during treatment & outbreak condition it is advisable apart from stress mitigation what mentioned in Feed application for quick support as a clinical Nutrition

7. Why Natural Betaine (Hepatron/Beta Pro BL) is Superior

Conclusion
Residues of ethylene oxide and trimethylamine in synthetic choline chloride and betaine pose significant risks to poultry health, including fatty liver, reproductive challenges, and respiratory hazards. Natural (anhydrous )Betaine (Hepatron/Beta Pro BL) offers a safer, residue-free alternative with superior bioavailability and efficacy. By supporting liver function, improving reproductive outcomes, and protecting respiratory health, Hepatron/Beta Pro BL proves indispensable for sustainable and profitable poultry farming.
References are available on request.