Dr Bhaskar Choudhary
Animal Nutritionist
Biochem Zusatzstoffe Handels- und Produktionsgesellschaft mbH

Abstract:
In the modern poultry industry, ensuring optimal health and productivity in layers, breeders, and broilers under various stress conditions is vital. Feed additives like choline chloride, synthetic betaine (anhydrous and HCl forms), and natural betaine are used to enhance performance. However, synthetic choline chloride and betaine often contain residues of ethylene oxide and trimethylamine (TMA), which pose significant risks to poultry health, including fatty liver syndrome, reproductive challenges, and respiratory hazards. The chemical synthesis of these additives highlights the adverse effects of residue contamination and explains why natural Betaine (anhydrous )(Hepatron/Beta Pro BL) is the superior choice.

1. Chemical Synthesis of Choline Chloride, Betaine, and Betaine Hcl
Choline Chloride Synthesis:
Choline chloride is produced by reacting ethylene oxide with trimethylamine, followed by neutralization with hydrochloric acid:
C2H4O + (CH3)3N + HCl —- (CH3)3N+CH2CH2OH.Cl-

Synthetic Betaine Anhydrous Synthesis:
Betaine is synthesized by methylating glycine with trimethylamine:
NH2CH2COOH + 3(CH3)3N—– (CH3)3N+CH2COO-

Betaine Hydrochloride Synthesis:
Betaine HCl is formed by reacting betaine with hydrochloric acid:
(CH3)3N+CH2COO- + HCl —– (CH3)3N+CH2COOH.Cl-

2. Risks Associated with Ethylene Oxide and Trimethylamine Residues
Ethylene Oxide (EO): permissible limit 0.2mg/g
Source: Ethylene oxide is used as a key reactant in choline chloride synthesis.

Risks and Effects:
Fatty Liver: Ethylene oxide residues exacerbate lipid accumulation in the liver, leading to fatty liver syndrome, impairing metabolism and egg production in layers.
Reproductive Challenges: In breeders, EO residues can induce oxidative damage to ovarian tissues, affecting fertility and hatchability.
Respiratory Hazards: Chronic exposure to ethylene oxide fumes or residues increases oxidative stress in respiratory tissues, leading to reduced lung function and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

Trimethylamine (TMA): permissible limit 10 mg/kg
Source: TMA is used as a methyl donor in the production of choline chloride and synthetic betaine.

Risks and Effects:
Fatty Liver: Excess TMA disrupts lipid metabolism by impairing the synthesis of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), leading to hepatic fat accumulation.
Reproductive Challenges: In breeders, TMA residues interfere with reproductive hormone balance, reducing fertility and chick quality.
Respiratory Hazards: Volatile TMA emissions irritate the respiratory tract, causing chronic respiratory distress in broilers and layers, especially in poorly ventilated environments.

3. Challenges of Synthetic Additives in Poultry Nutrition
Residue Toxicity: Synthetic choline chloride and betaine often leave traces of ethylene oxide and TMA, causing long-term health risks.
Liver Dysfunction: These residues impair liver detoxification and metabolic efficiency, leading to reduced productivity.
Limited Stress Resilience: Synthetic forms lack the bioactive properties of natural betaine, making them less effective in managing stress.

4. Natural Betaine (anhydrous) (Hepatron/Beta Pro BL): A Safer and More Effective Solution
Residue-Free and Safe: Hepatron/Beta Pro BL, derived from natural sources, is free of ethylene oxide and TMA residues, eliminating the associated risks of liver damage, reproductive issues, and respiratory stress.
Superior Liver Support:
– Enhances lipid metabolism, preventing fatty liver syndrome.
– Boosts detoxification pathways to handle feed-related toxins more effectively.
Enhanced Stress Management:
– Natural osmoregulatory properties stabilize cellular hydration under heat and osmotic stress.
– Promotes better feed conversion and growth performance.

5. Correlation Between Natural Betaine and Poultry Health
Fatty Liver Syndrome Prevention: Natural betaine spares choline and methionine in feed, reducing the metabolic burden on the liver and enhancing lipid transport efficiency.
Reproductive Health Support: Hepatron/BetaPro BL optimizes methylation pathways, improving ovarian function, egg production, and hatchability in breeders and layers.
Respiratory Protection: Unlike TMA-containing additives, Hepatron/Beta Pro BL improves cellular hydration and stress tolerance, protecting the respiratory tract from environmental and metabolic stress.

6. Stress in Poultry: A Multi-Faceted Challenge
Types of Stress in Poultry:
1. Environmental Stress: Heat & cold (Environment) stress in broilers & layer
2. Nutritional Stress: Imbalanced diets and mycotoxin contamination.
3. Physiological Stress: Vaccination, debeaking, and transportation.
4. Production Stress: Egg production in layers and rapid growth demands in broilers.

Role of Hepatron/Beta Pro BL in Feed application for Stress Mitigation:
Layers: Reduces egg drop during heat/Cold stress (Environment physiologica stress/ and improves shell quality.
Breeders: Enhances fertility and hatchability under environmental and nutritional stress.
Broilers: Improves growth performance and livability during transportation and heat stress.
Application of Hepatron/BetaPro BL in Drinking water: 6 hours improved water intake during treatment & outbreak condition it is advisable apart from stress mitigation what mentioned in Feed application for quick support as a clinical Nutrition

7. Why Natural Betaine (Hepatron/Beta Pro BL) is Superior

Conclusion
Residues of ethylene oxide and trimethylamine in synthetic choline chloride and betaine pose significant risks to poultry health, including fatty liver, reproductive challenges, and respiratory hazards. Natural (anhydrous )Betaine (Hepatron/Beta Pro BL) offers a safer, residue-free alternative with superior bioavailability and efficacy. By supporting liver function, improving reproductive outcomes, and protecting respiratory health, Hepatron/Beta Pro BL proves indispensable for sustainable and profitable poultry farming.
References are available on request.

Dr Jeevan Sonawane | Director, Novelvet Farmsolutions

India is one of the fastest growing countries in terms of population, economy, infrastructure, information technology and other segments, yet grappling with persistent challenges like poverty, malnutrition, and nutritional insecurity. Among these, protein malnutrition is a silent crisis affecting millions. Despite being the world’s second-most populous country, over 80% of Indians fail to meet their daily protein requirements. While 75% of the population identifies as non-vegetarian, most consume meat only occasionally—on weekends, festivals, or special occasions. A survey by IMRB revealed that 73% of Indians are protein deficient, and a staggering 93% are unaware of their daily protein needs.

The misconception that protein is essential only for bodybuilders and athletes has left the general population unaware of its fundamental role in overall health. This lack of awareness has far-reaching consequences for individuals and the nation.

How Serious Is Protein Malnutrition in India?
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a significant public health issue in India, with devastating effects on children and adults alike:
– Global Hunger Index: India ranks 101 out of 116 countries.
– Undernourished Population: India has the highest number of undernourished people globally.
– Child Malnutrition: 35% of children under five are malnourished, and 48% suffer from stunted growth.
– Infant Mortality: 33 of every 1,000 children born in India die before their first birthday.
– Anaemia: 68% of children and 66% of women are anaemic.
– Protein Deficiency: 73% of Indians lack adequate protein intake.

Double Burden: Alongside malnutrition, obesity and non-communicable diseases like diabetes and heart disease are rising due to poor dietary habits.

How Much Protein Are Indians Eating?
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) recommends 0.8 to 1 gram of protein per kilogram of body weight daily, but the average Indian consumes only 0.6 grams per kilogram. Globally, average protein consumption stands at 68 grams per day, while India lags behind at 47 grams per day.

A survey across 16 Indian cities found that 85% of people believe protein causes weight gain, highlighting the widespread misinformation. Moreover, cereals, which are poor protein sources, dominate Indian diets, contributing 60% of protein intake. Pulses, legumes, meat, and poultry, the richer sources of protein, account for only 11% of dietary energy.

Protein deficiency

Why Are Indians Protein Deficient?
Several factors contribute to protein deficiency in India:
1. Cereal-Dominant Diets: Poor digestibility and incomplete amino acid profiles of cereals make them inadequate protein sources.
2. Shift in Food Habits: Increased consumption of fast foods and processed foods has reduced dietary quality.
3. Poverty and Food Insecurity: Many families cannot afford protein-rich foods.
4. Social Misconceptions: Myths about certain food categories lead to reduced protein intake.
5. Lack of Awareness: Misinformation and myths, especially among women who are key decision-makers in household nutrition, exacerbate the problem.
6. Inadequate Infant Feeding Practices: Poor early nutrition has lifelong consequences.

The Impact of Protein Deficiency
Protein is vital for growth, development, immunity, and repair. Its deficiency has severe consequences:
– For Children: Stunted growth, poor cognitive development, and reduced school performance.
– For Adults: Loss of muscle mass, impaired metabolism, and increased susceptibility to illnesses.
– For the Economy: Reduced productivity, poorer educational outcomes, and long-term economic losses.

How to Mitigate Protein Malnutrition in India
The Indian government has launched programs like the Public Distribution System (PDS), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), and mid-day meals. However, these largely focus on cereals. To combat protein malnutrition effectively, we need:
1. Increased Awareness: Massive campaigns to educate the public on protein’s importance and daily requirements.
2. Inclusion of Protein-Rich Foods: Adding affordable protein sources like eggs, milk, and chicken to government nutrition programs like mid-day meal in schools
3. Affordable Protein: Subsidizing protein-rich foods to make them accessible to all.
4. Dietary Education: Promoting balanced diets that include pulses, legumes, and animal proteins.
5. Focused Intervention: Prioritizing nutrition in the first 1,000 days of life, from conception to a child’s second birthday.

How Eggs and Chicken Can Help
Eggs and chicken are among the most affordable and accessible protein sources, offering immense potential to combat malnutrition:
1. Abundance: India is the world’s third-largest egg producer and fourth-largest chicken producer.
2. Complete Protein: These are high-quality protein sources containing essential amino acids not found in many plant-based foods.
3. Nutritional Powerhouses: Eggs are rich in vitamins, minerals, and good fats, while chicken supports muscle strength, immunity, and stress relief.
4. Versatility and Affordability: Easy to prepare, eggs and chicken can fit into any meal plan.

Need for Collective Action
To overcome protein malnutrition, we must act together. Poultry producers, government agencies, social influencers, medical practitioners, and organizations like NECC, Vets in Poultry, PFI, CLFMA, INFAH, IPEMA, ICMR, IMA and NIN must join hands. By promoting chicken and eggs through awareness campaigns, partnerships with health organizations, and inclusion in nutrition programs, we can:
– Educate Consumers: Bust myths and promote protein-rich diets.
– Drive Demand: Inspire families to make eggs and chicken regular dietary staples.
– Strengthen Programs: Enhance government initiatives with animal protein sources.

Fighting protein malnutrition is not just a health issue; it is a mission to secure India’s future. Let’s ensure every child has the opportunity to grow, thrive, and contribute to a healthier, stronger nation. Together, we can make protein malnutrition a challenge of the past.

Poultry production is one of the most advanced agricultural industries, playing a key role in the global food supply. While the poultry industry works to meet the rising demand for high-quality protein, the availability and cost of feed ingredients remain significant challenges for the poultry sector. Poultry feed accounts for more than 70% of total production costs, making it the largest expense in poultry farming. Fluctuations in the prices of key ingredients like corn and soybean meal, driven by global markets and climate conditions, significantly impact feed costs. Moreover, dependency on corn and oil as major energy sources in poultry feed, along with competition for these commodities from biofuel and human food industries, further drives prices up the poultry feed cost.

• Rapid & fast growth -Where important amounts of ATP are absorbed for protein synthesis
• Excitement or stress – Not only for escape but also for macrophages to fight pathogens
• Low oxygen supply – Leading to low ATP production
• Disturbed energy metabolism -Impaired mitochondrial function (Oxidative stress)
• Low feed consumption especially in extreme summer

• GAA has been officially registered as an animal feed additive by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2009; 2022) & the US-FDA (U. S. Food and Drug Administration)
• GAA supplements account for 40% less cost compared to creatine.
• GAA exerts many non-creatine roles, including the stimulation of insulin secretion, neuromodulation, and vasodilation.
• GAA has an arginine-sparing potential of up to 149% in broilers, thus arginine is more readily available for metabolic processes other than GAA production

CINNAMALDEHYDE-Everything the plants have that you want- LEARNING BY DOING SCIENCE…

Deep Chand Vashishtha, – M.Sc, MBA
NSM- Bioncia International Pvt Ltd

Science is a novel practise to allow potential of ingredients or elements. It will be very helpful when it meets your requirements So well said that Learning by Doing Science…Plant bioactive compounds, such as phytochemicals, in poultry diets, are gaining popularity due to their potential antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have emerged as natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promotors and have great potential in the poultry industry. In recent years, cinnamon (one of the most widely used spices) has attracted attention from researchers as a natural product with numerous health benefits for poultry. The essential oils in cinnamon, in particular, are of interest because of their antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and hypocholesterolaemic effects, in addition to their ability to stimulate digestive enzymes in the gut.

Know Values of Poultry Industries
India Poultry Feed Market was valued at USD 3.27 billion in 2024 and is anticipated to project impressive growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 6.21% through 2030.17 Sept 2024The demand for poultry feed is expected to increase due to the country’s growing poultry production, the expanding retail and food service industry, and advancements in poultry breeding techniques. However, high feed costs may put downward pressure on demand.

CINNAMALDEHYDE
Cinnamon belongs to the genus Cinnamomum (Lauraceae family) which contains more than 250–300 aromatic evergreen shrubs and plant trees However, only a few of these species have significant economic importance worldwide as a common spice including Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum: True Sri Lankan cinnamon), C. cassia (Chinese cinnamon), C. burmanni (Indonesian cinnamon) and C. loureiori (Vietnamese cinnamon). The annual production of cinnamon is around 0.23 million metric tons, mainly cultivated in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, China, India, Vietnam, and Madagascar.

Phytochemistry Of Cinnamaldehyde
Phytochemicals are plant bioactive non-nutritive compounds that are usually found in small quantities They have different classes according to their structure and include phenolic compounds, phytosterols, phytoestrogens, glucosinolates, saponins, terpenoids, protease inhibitors and organo-sulfur containing compounds. They have significant antioxidant capacity to reduce and protect oxidative stress. Cinnamon consists of various bioactive compounds. Modern analytical techniques have enabled the characterization, identification, purification and quantification of individual compounds and the study of their potent biological activities. Generally, gas chromatography is applied to characterize volatile compounds while liquid chromatography for the identification of phenolic compounds. It is documented that cinnamon consists of natural antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory components such as volatile oils, flavonoids, curcuminoids, coumarins, tannins, alkaloids, xanthones, terpenoids, phenolics and other compounds in significant amounts. The concentration of volatile compounds in cinnamon essential oil (CNO) mainly depends upon the plant parts (leaves, bark, root, stem) from which it is extracted. About forty-one volatile compounds were identified from the bark oil of cinnamon (C. cassia) tree. Cinnamaldehyde (55% to 78%) is the main flavor compound in CNO extracted from bark while eugenol (59–78%) is the main compound in CNO that is extracted from leaves. The volatile oil is approximately 0.6–1% and 1–2% phlobatannins, calcium oxalate, starch, mucilage, and mannitol (sweet) in the bark. Moreover, Kim, et al. further investigated the cinnamon bark oil through GC-MS (gas chromatography– mass spectrometry) and identified seventeen different bioactive compounds. The major bioactive compounds of cinnamon are cinnamaldehyde, cinnamate, cinnamic acid, all of which play vital roles in various biological activities. The different essential oils that have been reported in cinnamon include trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamyl acetate, L-borneol, L-bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, E-nerolidol, α-thujene, α-cubebene, terpinolene and α-terpine [19]. The LC-MS (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis has shown that the concentrations of condensed tannins, proanthocyanidins (PAs) and epicatechin in cinnamon are 26.8%, 23.2% and 3.6%, respectively. Cinnamon has a high polyphenol content and the anthocyanidins (A and B procyanidins) are also present in cinnamon

Poultry Gut Health
Efficient immune system development and proper digestion and absorption of feed, water, and electrolyte balance in the gut leads to the development of strong gut health in poultry. The gut ecosystem plays a vital role in eliminating toxins and infectious agents from the intestinal tract of the poultry. Many factors influence the gut microbial ecosystem, including feed additives (phytobiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, feed enzymes, organic acids etc.), feed composition, genetics, heat stress, feeding practices on the poultry farm, among others. These factors exert a substantial impact on the gut microbiota and poultry health. The association between gut health and poultry performance is widely accepted with optimal health including proper physiological functions of the intestinal tract, morphological integrity, efficient immune response, developed barrier functions, energy balance, tissue metabolism, sustained inflammatory balance and sufficient microbiota to perform desired functions in the gut. The health of poultry is influenced by the structure and functionality of gut microbiota. The progression of acquisition and maturation of the intestinal microbiota throughout the growth period of the poultry has a marked impact on the modulation of physiological functions (nutrient digestion, immunity, intestinal barrier integrity etc.) to maintain gut homeostasis and development of the intestinal epithelium. These functions are essential to optimize energy use and efficiency of extraction by the poultry birds.

Impact of Cinnamon on the Digestibility of Nutrients
Improved utilization of feed improves the feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight gain (BWG) and overall health performance of broiler chicken. The stabilization of the gut microbiota ecosystem and the stimulation of digestive enzymes secretion are the two well-accepted mechanisms that play a leading role in improving feed utilization and inhibiting the growth-depressing ailments related to metabolism and digestion. The potential impacts of CNO on the secretion of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa and pancreas have been described in many poultry studies. These positive impacts had been confirmed to improve the digestibility of nutrients. Additionally, the bioactive compounds of cinnamon affect lipid metabolism by transporting the fatty acids in the digestive tract of broilers. The CNO has positive effects on the secretion of digestive enzymes and improves the digestibility of nutrients in the gut.

Supplementation of CNO in broilers diet increased the villus height (VH) in the duodenum and jejunum with associated increased villus surface area and the efficiency of absorption and digestion of nutrients. In addition, a greater VH means greater mucosal digestive enzyme activity, which ultimately improves the digestibility of nutrients.
To sum up, the use of cinnamon and its bioactive compounds as feed additives in poultry diets have potent effects on antioxidant status, immunity, nutrients availability and digestibility, enzymes secretion, mucus production, gut microbiota and overall poultry health, growth performance and productivity

In the intricate world of animal nutrition, the significance of supplementing trace elements like Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I), and Selenium (Se) cannot be overstated. These elements play a pivotal role in ensuring the health and performance of livestock. However, the basal amounts of these trace elements found in standard commercial feeds simply fall short of meeting the animals’ requirements.

The key to unlocking the full potential of these vital trace elements lies in its bioavailability. Bioavailability refers to the retention of a trace element within the gut intestinal tract and is profoundly influenced by antagonistic interactions, particularly in poultry where phytate emerges as the arch-nemesis of essential trace minerals. Phytate forms stubborn complexes with these minerals, rendering them insoluble and thus unavailable for absorption. To combat this antagonism, numerous trace mineral sources have been developed based on solubility and chemical bonding.

But that’s not all; the timing and level of trace mineral delivery also come into play. This realization has led to a groundbreaking concept in trace mineral solutions – the fusion of organic and hydroxy minerals. This innovative approach has the potential to not only maintain but also elevate animal performance under various farm conditions. It’s imperative to emphasize that the proper timing and dosage of trace elements are paramount for ensuring optimal animal performance.

In today’s world, livestock producers face immense challenges due to stringent governmental regulations aimed at addressing environmental concerns. The novel ideas discussed above offer a glimmer of hope, promising improved absorption and reduced trace element supplementation, all while preserving production performance.

In Bonds We Trust: How Bonding Revolutionizes Trace Mineral Bioavailability
Commonly used trace mineral sources in animal nutrition include sulfate-based and oxide-based minerals, primarily chosen for their affordability. Sulfate trace minerals form ionic bonds with sulfate ligands, readily dissolving in water at a neutral pH, but their instability leads to complexation with phytate, reducing bioavailability. Conversely, oxide minerals form covalent bonds, rendering them insoluble in neutral pH and partially soluble in low pH, further hindering absorption.
To overcome these challenges, organic trace minerals and hydroxy trace minerals have emerged. Organic trace minerals shield metal centers with amino acids or proteinate ligands, limiting the formation of phytate complexes. Hydroxy trace minerals, with their unique covalent crystal structure, prevent phytate complexation and gradually dissolve at low pH, enhancing absorption. Additionally, hydroxy minerals boast cost-effective hydroxy and chloride ligands.

Comparative studies reveal that both organic and hydroxy trace minerals significantly outperform sulfate sources, with hydroxy and organic trace minerals yielding similar results. For instance, in broilers, hydroxy Zn and organic Zn show 144% and 142% improved bioavailability compared to Zinc sulfate (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The tibia recovery of Zinc, of birds fed different sources of Zinc (Linear P<0.001).

Precision Matters: The Power of Optimal Particle Size and Density
Particle size and density often go overlooked when selecting trace mineral sources. Ideal particle size and density minimize feed segregation and ensure proper mixability during production. These considerations are crucial, particularly for animals with low feed intake, as it guarantees that their limited consumption contains all vital nutrients, including minerals. This improved mixability can be done through a patented process (Optisize technology) of creating optimal particles that ensures particle size consistency and highly uniform. Confirmed through laser diffraction analysis, the process results in the ideal particle size (150-300 µm) with the ideal density (0.8-1.0 g/mL), whether it is zinc, iron or manganese, for improved blending/mixing, flowability, and reduce the carry-over risk.

Studies conducted with different trace element sources, such as MnSO4 and Hydroxy Mn, indicate improved mixing in complete feeds, enhancing feed quality and nutrient distribution. This is measured through an improve coefficient of variation or CV (lower % cv indicates better mixing, Figure 2). The mixability of trace elements in a diet is of particular importance to young animals, as they have a lower feed intake and therefore more important to get all the required nutrients, especially minerals, despite the low feed intake. Moreover, spherical particles in hydroxy minerals reduce dust potential, reducing mineral source losses during handling.

Figure 2. Coefficient of variation of Manganese within complete feeds (Hydroxy Mn and MnSO4 shown in the blue and black color bar, respectively). 10 feed samples were analyzed per batch and difference to expected levels is determined.

Figure 3. Dust potential of different Manganese source.

Furthermore, hydroxy minerals with spherical particles reduced “dustiness” of the product, leading to a lower dust potential (a lower number of dust potential indicates a lower loss of mineral source, see Figure 3) and this also lessens the chance inhalation of the product by workers in the feed mill or premix facility. Although a larger mineral particle size is preferred in feed or premix production, within the animal, it is the other way around. With a smaller particle size, this will lead to a larger surface area, allowing for an improved availability of the mineral.

The Strength of Synergy: The Power of Combining Organic and Hydroxy Trace Minerals
While the practice of combining different trace element sources is not new, recent developments have brought forth a game-changing concept: the 70:10 ratio of hydroxy to organic minerals. This innovation stems from the collaborative efforts of leading industry experts and academic professionals dedicated to optimizing animal productivity and well-being.

Research demonstrates that the combination of hydroxy and organic minerals far surpasses sulfate, hydroxy, or organic-only sources, as well as combinations of sulfate and organic minerals in terms of animal performance (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Effect of different zinc sources on end weight of broilers at 42 day.

In another study, the results clearly showed that a combination of 70 ppm Zn from hydroxy mineral plus 10 ppm Zn from organic mineral was superior in terms of end body weight as well as improving feed conversion (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Effect of different zinc sources (80 ppm Zn from ZnSO4, Hydroxy, Organic, or combination of 70 ppm Zn Hydroxy plus 10 ppm Zn Organic) on end weight (P = 0.003) and FCR (P < 0.001) of broilers. Different labels (a,b,c) indicate significant differences. p < 0.05 indicate significant differences.

This synergy results from the complementary release profiles of the two technologies, allowing animals to absorb trace minerals efficiently throughout their intestinal tract. Thus, once hydroxy minerals reach the area of low pH they slowly begin to release the small molecules of soluble metals one layer at a time while organic minerals maintain their structural integrity. Given the different molecular structures of the soluble metals from hydroxy and organic minerals, their absorption is extended further down the gut intestinal tract (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Illustration of the complementary release profile of the combination of hydroxy and organic trace minerals throughout the intestinal tract.

In conclusion, the choice of a trace mineral source is pivotal for supporting productivity, animal health, and environmental sustainability. When choosing the right minerals, remember that the bonding type determines bioavailability, the particle size, density and synergy between two sources enhances efficacy. The combination of organic and hydroxy trace minerals presents a revolutionary solution, offering precise trace element delivery and enhanced absorption, ultimately leading to optimal animal performance. In a world with ever-increasing challenges, these innovations provide a beacon of hope for the future of animal nutrition.

For further information, kindly write to us at customercareindia@trouwnutrition.com or
visit our website: www.trouwnutrition.in

Feeding enzymes to poultry is one of the major nutritional advances in the last fifty years. It is the culmination of something that nutritionists realized for a long time but until 1980’s it remained beyond their reach. Indeed, the theory of feed enzymes is simple. Plants contain some compounds that either the animal cannot digest, or which hinder its digestive system, often because the animal cannot produce the necessary enzyme to degrade them. Nutritionists can help the animal by identifying these indigestible compounds and feeding a suitable enzyme. These enzymes come from microorganisms that are carefully selected for the task and grown under controlled conditions (Wallis, 1996).

The biggest single expense in any system of poultry production is feed accounting for up to 70% of total production cost per bird. Poultry naturally produces enzymes to aid the digestion of feed nutrients. However, they do not have enzyme to break down fiber completely and need exogenous enzymes in feed to aid digestion. Plants contain some compounds that either the animal cannot digest, or which hinder its digestive system, often because the animal cannot produce the necessary enzyme to degrade them. Nutritionists can help the animal by identifying these indigestible compounds and feeding suitable enzyme. These enzymes come from microorganisms that are carefully selected for the task and grown under controlled conditions. (Creswell, 1994)

Anti-nutritional factors are problematic for normal feed digestion, results in low meat and egg production causes low feed efficiency and digestive upsets. Feed enzymes work to make the nutrient (starch, protein, amino acids and minerals, etc.) available from the feed ingredients. Feed enzymes also help to reduce the negative impact of animal production over environment by reducing the animal waste production. These Enzymes are proteins that are ultimately digested or excreted by the animal, leaving no residues in meat or eggs (Greiner and Konietzny, 2006).

The poultry industry readily accepts enzymes as a standard dietary component, especially in wheat and barley-based rations. But still many questions are partially answered. For example, how do enzymes work? Do growth rates reflect differences in the potency of different enzyme preparations? What is the link between gut viscosity, enzyme action and growth rates? and are enzymes necessary in all poultry rations? (Annison & Choct,1991).

2. Enzyme Supplementation in Poultry Ration

2.1. Enzyme
Enzymes are biological catalyst composed of amino acids with vitamins and minerals. They bring about biochemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change. They are involved in all anabolic and catabolic pathways of digestion and metabolism. Enzymes tend to be very specific catalysts that act on one or, at most, a limited group of compounds known as substrates. Enzymes are not living organisms and are not concerned about viability or cross infection. They are stable at 80-85 degree centigrade for short time. The benefits of using enzymes in poultry diets include not only enhanced bird performance and feed conversion but also less environmental problems due to reduced output of excreta. In addition, enzymes are a very useful tool in the study of physiological and metabolic mechanisms (Panda et al 2011).

2.2. Enzymes in Poultry Nutrition: The use of enzymes in animal feed is of great importance. Consistent increase in the price of feed ingredients has been a major constraint in most of the developing countries. As a consequence, cheaper and non-conventional feed ingredients have to be used which contain higher percentage of Non-Starch Polysaccharides (soluble and insoluble/crude fibre) along with starch. Non Starch Polysaccharides (NSPs) are polymeric carbohydrates which differ in composition and structure from starch (Morgan et al., 1995) and possess chemical cross linking among them therefore, are not well digested by poultry. A part of these NSPs is water-soluble which is notorious for forming a gel like viscous consistency in the intestinal tract (Ward et.al,1995) thus by reducing gut performance.

Poultry do not produce enzymes for the hydrolysis of Non-Starch Polysaccharide present in the cell wall of the grains and they remain un-hydrolysed. This results in low feed efficiency. Research work has suggested that the negative effects of NSPs can be overcome by dietary modifications including supplementation of diets with suitable exogenous enzyme preparations (Creswell, 1994). Enzymes break down the NSPs, decreases intestinal viscosity and eventually improve the digestibility of nutrients by improving gut performance.

Stallen South Asia Pvt Ltd has developed XZYME, a multi-enzyme formulation designed to optimize poultry feed utilization comprehensively. This innovative product combines various enzymes strategically selected to address specific nutritional challenges in poultry diets.

a) Cellulase
Cellulase is an enzyme complex that breaks down cellulose, a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants. Cellulose is composed of long chains of glucose molecules linked together by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, making it a tough and fibrous substance that many animals, including poultry, cannot digest on their own. Cellulase enzymes help in hydrolyzing these bonds, converting cellulose into simpler, more digestible sugars.
b) Xylanase
Xylanase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes xylan into xylose, a simpler sugar. Xylan is a type of hemicellulose, which, like cellulose, is a polysaccharide present in plant cell walls. Xylanase breaks the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in xylan, making it easier for poultry to digest plant-based feed ingredients.
c) β-Glucanase
β-Glucanase is an enzyme that plays a significant role in poultry nutrition by breaking down β-glucans, which are complex polysaccharides found in the cell walls of cereals such as barley, oats, and wheat. β-glucans are glucose polymers linked primarily by β-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These β-glucans can be problematic in poultry diets because they increase the viscosity of the intestinal contents, hindering nutrient absorption and overall digestion. Here’s an overview of β-glucanase and its benefits in poultry nutrition.
d) Phytase
Phytase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate), a form of phosphorus that is commonly found in plant seeds and grains. Phytic acid binds phosphorus in a form that is not readily available to poultry because they lack sufficient endogenous phytase activity to break down this compound.
Phytase hydrolyzes phytic acid through a stepwise removal of phosphate groups, resulting in the release of inorganic phosphorus and lower inositol phosphates. This process occurs primarily in the stomach and upper small intestine of poultry, where the pH conditions are favorable for phytase activity.
e) Alpha-Amylase
Amylase acts on the α-1,4-glycosidic bonds within the starch molecule. Alpha-amylase randomly cleaves these bonds along the starch chain, resulting in the production of smaller carbohydrate molecules like maltose, dextrins, and glucose. These simpler sugars are then readily absorbed in the small intestine and utilized for energy.
f) Pectinase
Pectinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of pectin, a structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of plants, particularly in fruits and vegetables. Pectin consists of a complex set of polysaccharides rich in galacturonic acid. Pectinases include a group of enzymes such as polygalacturonase, pectin lyase, and pectinesterase that break down pectin into simpler molecules like galacturonic acid, arabinose, and methanol which can be more readily absorbed by the poultry’s digestive system.
g) Protease
Protease is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins, converting them into smaller peptides and free amino acids. These simpler molecules are more easily absorbed and utilized by the poultry for various physiological functions.
h) Lipase
Lipase enzymes work by hydrolyzing the ester bonds within triglycerides, breaking them down into free fatty acids and glycerol. This process primarily occurs in the small intestine, where lipase from the pancreas mixes with dietary fats, facilitating their breakdown and subsequent absorption by the intestinal cells.

3. Benefits of XZYME:

Benefits of using feed enzymes to poultry diets include; reduction in digesta viscosity, enhanced digestion and absorption of nutrients especially fat and protein, improved Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) value of the diet, increased feed intake, weight gain, and feed–gain ratio, reduced beak impaction and vent plugging, decreased size of gastrointestinal tract, altered population of microorganisms in gastrointestinal tract, reduced water intake, reduced water content of excreta, reduced production of ammonia from excreta, reduced output of excreta, including reduced N and P (Campbell et al. 1989).
a) Reduction in Digesta Viscosity: (Morgan et al,1995) found that that enzyme supplementation of wheat-based diets significantly reduced foregut digesta viscosity of birds. The reduction in foregut digesta viscosity was achieved primarily by reducing the molecular weight through hydrolysis of xylan backbone by endo-xylanase into smaller compounds and thus reduction in viscous effects of the feed because foregut digesta viscosity is directly proportional to the molecular weight of wheat arabinoxylans (Bedford and Classen, 1993).
b) Increase in Available Energy: One of the main reasons for supplementing wheat- and barley-based poultry diets with enzymes is to increase the available energy content of the diet. Increased availability of carbohydrates for energy utilization is associated with increased energy digestibility (Partridge and Wyatt ,1995). The AME of wheat has been extensively studied and found to have a considerable range i.e 9500–16640 kJ/kg (Mollah et al. 1983). Enzyme supplementation improves this range by enhancing carbohydrate digestibility, reducing gut viscosity, and improving fat utilization (Almirall et al. 1995).
c) Improvement in Nutrient Digestibility: Enzymes have been shown to improve performance and nutrient digestibility when added to poultry diets containing cereals, such as barley and wheat (Fengler et al. 1988).
d) Health improvement: Morgan and Bedford (1995) reported that coccidiosis problems could be prevented by using enzymes. Birds fed a wheat-based diet with and without glycanase supplementation showed vastly different responses to coccidiosis challenge. Growth was depressed by 52.5% in the control group but by only 30.5% in the enzyme group, which also had a much better lesion score. An increase in digesta passage rate and a reduction in excreta moisture are often noted when glycanases are added to poultry diets, which may be detrimental to the life cycle of the organism.
e) Impact on Environment: Enzymes have been approved for use in poultry feed because they are natural products of fermentation and therefore pose no threat to the animal or the consumer. Enzymes not only will enable livestock and poultry producers to economically use new feedstuffs, but will also prove to be environmentally friendly, as they reduce the pollution associated with animal production. As well as contributing to improved poultry production, feed enzymes can have a positive impact on the environment. In areas with intensive poultry production, the phosphorus output is often very high, resulting in environmental problems such as eutrophication.
This happens because most of the phosphorus contained in typical feedstuffs exists as the plant storage form phytate, which is indigestible for poultry. The phytase enzyme frees the phosphorus in feedstuffs and also achieves the release of other minerals (e.g. Ca, Mg), as well as proteins and amino acids bound to phytate. Thus, by releasing bound phosphorus in feed ingredients, phytase reduces the quantity of inorganic phosphorus needed in diets, makes more phosphorus available for the bird, and decreases the amount excreted into the environment.

Conclusion:
XZYME represents a significant advancement in poultry nutrition, offering a tailored solution to maximize feed efficiency and optimize poultry health. With its comprehensive enzyme blend and proven effectiveness, XZYME supports sustainable and profitable poultry production practices.

References:
Almirall, M., M. Francesch, A. M. Perez-Venderell, J. Brufau, and E. Esteve-Garcia. (1995). The differences in intestinal viscosity produced by barley and ß-glucanase alter digesta enzyme activities and ileal nutrient digestibilities more in broiler chicks than in cocks. Journal of Nutrition 125: 947–955.

Annison, G. and M. Choct. (1991). Anti-nutritive activities of cereal non-starch polysaccharides in broiler diets and strategies for minimizing their effects. World’s Poultry Science Journal 47: 232–242.

Bedford, M.R. and H. L. Classen. (1993). An in-vitro assay for prediction of broiler intestinal viscosity and growth when fed rye-based diets in the presence of exogenous enzymes. Poultry Science 72: 137-143.

Campbell, G.L., B. G. Rossnagel., H. L. Classen and P. A. Thacker. (1989). Genotypic and environmental differences in extract viscosity of barley and their relationship to its nutritive value for broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 226: 221–230.

Creswell, D.C. (1994). Upgrading the nutritional value of grains with the use of enzymes. Technical bulletin, American Soybean Association, 341 Orchard Road No.11-03 Liat Towers, Singapore.
Fengler, A.I. and R. R. Marquardt. (1988). Water-soluble pentosans from rye. II. Effects on the rate of dialysis and on the retention of nutrients by the chick. Cereal Chemistry 65: 298–302.

Greiner, R., Konietzny, U., 2006. Phytase for food applications. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 44(2): 125-140.

Mollah, Y., Bryden, W.L., Wallis, I.R., D. Balnave and E. F. Annison. (1983). Studies on low metabolisable energy wheats for poultry using conventional and rapid assay procedures and the effects of processing. British Poultry Science 24: 81–89.

Morgan, A.J. and M. R. Bedford. (1995). Advances in the development and application of feed enzymes. Australian Poultry Science Symposium 7: 109–115.

Panda A.K., S. V. Rama Rao, M. V. L. N. Raju, M. R. Reddy and N. K. Praharaj. 2011. The Role of Feed Enzymes in Poultry Nutrition.

Partridge, G. and C. Wyatt (1995). More flexibility with new generation of enzymes. World Poultry 11(4), 17–21.

Wallis, I. (1996). Enzymes in poultry Nutrition. Technical Note, SAC.West Mains road, Edinburgh.

Ward, N.E. (1995). With dietary modifications, wheat can be used for poultry. Feedstuffs 7 Aug, 14-16.

Most grains used in feed are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination, causing severe economic losses all along feed value chains. As skyrocketing raw material prices force producers to include a higher proportion of economical cereal byproducts in the feed, the risks of mycotoxin contamination likely increase. In this article, we review why mycotoxins cause the damage they do – and how effective toxin-mitigating solutions prevent this damage.

Mycotoxin contamination of cereal byproducts requires solutions
Cereal byproducts may become more important feed ingredients as grain prices increase. But also from a sustainability point of view and considering population growth, using cereal byproducts in animal feed makes a lot of sense. Dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) are a good example of how byproducts from food processing industries can become high-quality animal feed.

Figure 1: Byproducts are a crucial protein source (data from FEFAC Feed & Food 2021 report)
Still, research on what happens to mycotoxins during food processing shows that mycotoxins are concentrated into fractions that are commonly used as animal feed
(cf. Pinotti et al., 2016.) To safeguard animal health and performance when feeding lower-quality cereals, it is essential to monitor mycotoxin risks through regular testing and to use toxin-mitigating solutions.

Problematic effects of mycotoxins on the intestinal epithelium
Most mycotoxins are absorbed in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract. This absorption can be high, as in the case of aflatoxins (ca. 90%), but also very limited, as in the case of fumonisins (< 1%); moreover, it depends on the species. Importantly, a significant portion of unabsorbed toxins remains within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.

Importantly, studies based on realistic mycotoxin challenges (e.g., Burel et al., 2013) show that the mycotoxin levels necessary to trigger damaging processes are lower than the levels reported as safe by EFSA, the Food Safety Agency of the European Union. The ultimate consequences range from diminished nutrient absorption to inflammatory responses and pathogenic disorders in the animal (Figure 2).

1. Alteration of the intestinal barrier ‘s morphology and functionality
Several studies indicate that mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1, DON, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, and T2, can increase the permeability of the intestinal epithelium of poultry and swine (e.g. Pinton & Oswald, 2014). This is mostly a consequence of the inhibition of protein synthesis.

As a result, there is an increase in the passage of antigens into the bloodstream (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and toxins). This increases the animal’s susceptibility to infectious enteric diseases. Moreover, the damage that mycotoxins cause to the intestinal barrier entails that they are also being absorbed at a higher rate.

2. Impaired immune function in the intestine
The intestine is a very active immune site, where several immuno-regulatory mechanisms simultaneously defend the body from harmful agents. Immune cells are affected by mycotoxins through the initiation of apoptosis, the inhibition or stimulation of cytokines, and the induction of oxidative stress.

For poultry production, one of the most severe enteric problems of bacterial origin is necrotic enteritis, which is caused by Clostridium perfringens toxins. Any agent capable of disrupting the gastrointestinal epithelium – e.g. mycotoxins such as DON, T2, and ochratoxin – promotes the development of necrotic enteritis.

3. Alteration of the intestinal microflora
Recent studies on the effect of various mycotoxins on the intestinal microbiota show that DON and other trichothecenes favor the colonization of coliform bacteria in pigs. DON and ochratoxin A also induce a greater invasion of Salmonella and their translocation to the bloodstream and vital organs in birds and pigs – even at non-cytotoxic concentrations.

It is known that fumonisin B1 may induce changes in the balance of sphingolipids at the cellular level, including for gastrointestinal cells. This facilitates the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, increases in their populations, and prolongs infections, as has been shown for the case of E. coli. The colonization of the intestine of food-producing animals by pathogenic strains of E. coli and Salmonella also poses a risk for human health.

4. Interaction with bacterial toxins
When mycotoxins induce changes in the intestinal microbiota, this can lead to an increase in the endotoxin concentration in the intestinal lumen. Endotoxins promote the release of several cytokines that induce an enhanced immune response, causing inflammation, thus reducing feed consumption and animal performance, damage to vital organs, sepsis, and death of the animals in some cases.

The synergy between mycotoxins and endotoxins can result in an overstimulation of the immune system. The interaction between endotoxins and estrogenic agents such as zearalenone, for example, generates chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders because immune cells have estrogen receptors, which are stimulated by the mycotoxin.

Increased mycotoxin risks through byproducts? Invest in mitigation solutions.
To prevent the detrimental consequences of mycotoxins on animal health and performance, proactive solutions are needed that support the intestinal epithelium’s digestive and immune functionality and help maintain a balanced microbiome in the GIT. As the current market conditions will likely engender a long-term shift towards the inclusion of more cereal byproducts in animal diets, this becomes even more important.

Trial data shows that EW Nutrition’s toxin-mitigating solution SOLIS MAX provides effective protection against feedborne mycotoxins. The synergistic combination of ingredients in SOLIS MAX mycotoxins from damaging the animals’ gastrointestinal tract and entering the blood stream:

In-vitro study shows SOLIS MAX’ strong mitigation effects against wide range of mycotoxins
Animal feed is often contaminated with two or more mycotoxins, making it important for an anti-mycotoxin agent to be effective against a wide range of different mycotoxins. A dose response evaluation of SOLIS MAX was conducted a at an independent laboratory in Spain, for inclusion levels of 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% (equivalent to 1 kg, 1.5 kb, and 2 kg per ton of feed). A phosphate buffer solution at pH 7 was prepared to simulate intestinal conditions in which a portion of the mycotoxins may be released from the binder (desorption).

Each mycotoxin was tested separately by adding a challenge to buffer solutions, incubating for one hour at 41°C, to establish the base line (see table). At the same time a solution with the toxin challenge and SOLIS MAX was prepared, incubated, and analyzed for the residual mycotoxin. All analyses were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with standard detectors.

The results demonstrate that SOLIS MAX is a very effective solution against the most common mycotoxins found in raw materials and animal feed, showing clear dose-response effects.

Mycotoxin risk management for better animal feed
A healthy gastrointestinal tract is crucial to animals’ overall health: it ensures that nutrients are optimally absorbed, it provides effective protection against pathogens through its immune function, and it is key to maintaining a well-balanced microflora. Even at levels considered safe by the European Union, mycotoxins can compromise different intestinal functions, resulting in lower productivity and susceptibility to disease.

The globalized feed trade, which spreads mycotoxins beyond their geographical origin, climate change and raw material market pressures only escalates the problem. On top of rigorous testing, producers should mitigate unavoidable mycotoxin exposures through the use of solutions such as SOLIS MAX – for stronger animal health, welfare, and productivity.

References are available on request.

Introduction
Poultry nutritionists must search for ways to lower the overall cost of feed as the price of dietary energy sources continues to rise steadily. As a result, they have at times opted to incorporate lower-quality energy feed ingredients as a solution to this problem. These methods may cause the birds to perform poorly in terms of feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, and overall low productivity. Feathered creatures are by nature omnivores that are designed from an early age to consume both plant and animal materials. But for several reasons, the diet of chickens is increasingly changing to a vegetarian diet. This change caused the loss of some important entities, such as creatine, a key substance in meat that is not found in plants. Creatine is a crucial compound for cellular energy production. Creatine phosphate is the primary substance responsible for supplying ATP, the cell’s energy source. When creatine is not obtained through diet, the body’s creatine levels decrease and must be replenished through endogenous amino acid synthesis. Poultry farming has experienced significant growth in recent years, with poultry production increasing by nearly four times since 1957. This growth has been primarily driven by the rise in carcass (+12%) and breast meat production (+50%). What if we could enhance embryo development by providing a readily available energy source to improve hatchling survival and the first days of life? This can be achieved by supplementing broiler breeders with creatine. Creatine enables muscle cells to generate additional energy by converting low-energy ADP back into ATP. While creatine is naturally present in muscle tissue and animal-derived foods, the concentrations in animal proteins can vary widely due to the quality of raw materials and the instability of creatine under harsh processing conditions. Moreover, animal protein is seldom included in animal feed, as most bird feed is composed of plant proteins and grains.

Benefits of Creatine Forerunner
Even though birds have the ability to produce their own creatine, the amount generated is insufficient to meet the demanding growth and performance needs of modern broilers. The early stages after hatching are crucial for the development of efficient broilers, as they require a significant amount of energy. This is why creatine plays a vital role in this process. While creatine can be transferred from the hen’s diet and synthesis to the egg, the levels passed on are typically low. By supplementing broilers with creatine, we can ensure that the embryo receives an additional energy reserve that can be utilized post-hatching. However, creatine is sensitive to heat and can be lost during the preparation of bird feed supplements.

A strategic solution is to include the creatine precursor guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in the mix, which supports optimal nutritional conditions. GAA is converted to creatine in the liver and stored in muscle tissue, making it a valuable addition to animal feed for broilers.

Effects of Maternal Nutrition on Hatchability
New research from Israel has revealed significant findings that support the transfer of creatine from chicken to chicken when GAA (creatine precursor) is added.
Some research indicates that supplementing broilers with GAA may impact the accumulation of creatine in laying hens. The addition of GAA to chicken feed has been proven to boost the creatine levels in both egg yolk and albumin, with the most noticeable impact seen in the yolk, which is crucial for embryo development. By including dietary GAA (0.15%), the creatine content of the entire egg can be increased by over 40%.

GAA: What does it ENTAIL?
Natural amino acid derivative guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is widely known for its pivotal function in the manufacture of creatine, a vital substance involved in the metabolism of cellular energy. GAA, sometimes referred to as betacyamine or glycocyamine, has been studied as a dietary supplement for increasing energy. In vertebrate animals, GAA is the sole direct precursor that produces creatine. Glycine and arginine are the building blocks for the synthesis of GAA, a metabolic intermediate product that is mostly produced in the kidney and pancreas. GAA is converted to creatine by methylation once it reaches the liver. In the creatine biosynthesis pathway, the primary regulated and rate-limiting step is the synthesis of GAA from arginine and glycine. Interestingly, this synthesis is accomplished in different organs, the first step (synthesis of guanidinoacetic acid from arginine and glycine) taking place in the kidney, the second one (synthesis of creatine from guanidinoacetic acid) in the liver. Thus, guanidinoacetate is synthesized in the kidney, and then transported to the liver where it is converted to creatine, which is then transported to its destination organs.

GAA Biosynthesis
The synthesis of guanidinoacetate requires two amino acids, arginine and glycine. Arginine transfers its amidino group to the amino group of glycine to produce ornithine and GAA, catalyzed by L-arginine: glycine amidino transferase (AGAT). Guanidinoacetate is then methylated by the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which is synthesized from methionine. This reaction produces creatine and S-adenosylhomocysteine ​​(SAH) and is catalyzed by guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT). Creatine synthesis is an inter-organ metabolic process, with GAA synthesis occurring primarily in the kidney and GAA methylation occurring primarily in the liver. The addition of GAA for creatine synthesis imposes a methylation demand on the body because creatine synthesis is considered to be the major user of methyl groups from SAM (S-adenosyl methionine). Thus, methyl group of betaines can be used in transmethylation reactions for synthesis of creatine and may reduce the requirement for other methyl group donors such as methionine and choline. Betaine is an osmolyte that helps maintain cellular water homeostasis and serves as a methyl group donor, which are its two main metabolic functions. It has been shown that the antioxidant mechanism of betaine strengthens non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses.


Appropriate GAA Dose
The growth performance of broiler chickens may be successfully enhanced by dietary supplementation of 600-1200 mg/kg GAA. The lowest dose required to boost performance is 600 mg/kg GAA. GAA concentrations up to 1500 mg/kg feed did not affect broiler performance or mortality; However, at 3000 mg/kg feed, food intake and body weight decreased somewhat, although not significantly. Feed intake was significantly affected by the highest level of inclusion (6000 mg GAA/kg feed), resulting in a significant reduction in weight gain. GAA treatment had no apparent effect on mortality or feed efficiency.

Why is GAA Used?
· As a creatine precursor GAA plays an important role in energy metabolism.
– However, due to the instability of creatine in the production process and cost, GAA has been studied as an effective alternative to creatine supplements.
– GAA has been tested as a potential feed additive to improve energy utilization and growth performance in poultry.
– GAA has been combined with methionine to improve growth performance and may also act as an arginine sparing agent in birds.
– GAA supplementation increases growth, reproductive performance and meat quality in poultry.
– Among its many proven benefits, GAA effectively improves feed conversion ratio and animal performance.
– GAA has many roles outside of creatine, including stimulation of insulin secretion, neuromodulation and vasodilation.
– Supplemental GAA improves growth performance in heat-stressed chickens.
– Cold stress is another physical environmental stress that hugely impacts the poultry industry. During commercial broiler production, cool temperatures are the primary cause of ascites and related deterioration of growth performance. Dietary inclusion of 1.2 g/kg GAA and betaine improved FCR in broilers under cold stress, suggesting GAA can be used as an efficient supplement to improve the harmful effects of cold stress in broilers.
– Furthermore, GAA can be utilized as a feed supplement in intensive rearing systems to improve feed efficiency and minimize myopathies in the pectoral muscle.
– Supplemental GAA can be used to enhance the fertility rate and sperm penetration in aged broiler breeder hens, possibly by increasing ATP availability in sperm mitochondria, thereby increasing sperm motility and fertility rate.
– Another way that has the potential to increase the productivity of native chickens is to use betaine. Betaine has an effect as a methyl donor for methionine and its diverse physiological properties can improve the intestinal environment and increase the ability of feed absorption. Accumulation of betaine in cells may protect against osmotic stress.
– GAA is known to have an antibacterial effect.
– GAA is safe and potentially efficacious in poultry nutrition, supporting growth in chickens for fattening.

Conclusion
There is a growing body of research dedicated to determining the most effective methods for feeding day-old chicks in order to ensure they develop into healthy, rapidly growing birds. Solutions range from providing small, easily digestible feed pellets to utilizing specially designed feeders that allow young chicks to access their food with ease. Enhancing the nutritional content of eggs with creatine to better align with the physiological needs of modern broilers is a crucial step towards enhancing broiler production in terms of health, growth, and efficiency. Recent studies on using GAA as a creatine source have shown that incorporating GAA into the diet of broiler breeder hens is a practical and efficient approach to achieving this goal.

By Dr. Shiva Kumar, Director – Technical, TN South Asia

Poultry derived food products are the most important animal protein sources globally. India is the third-largest egg producer and the fourth-largest chicken producer in the world. Poultry meat and eggs are the most important animal protein sources available, and a significant increase is forecasted in demand.

But there is also a significant number of challenges facing the Indian poultry and allied industries with respect to sustainable production of poultry meat and eggs where market demands, and consumer needs will put more constraints on the production systems and methods. These challenges are dynamic and diverse, and solutions and opportunities will require development of appropriate technology, using and advancing our knowledge base.

Sustainable poultry farming is based on three pillars: environmentally sound, socially responsible, and economically viable. For all these pillars, innovation will be key and hence, advances in animal nutrition will play an important role, where we have concrete challenges in economical optimization of the value chain and meeting product quality demands, whilst safeguarding animal wellbeing and human health.

Trouw Nutrition is an organisation that deeply cares about building a more sustainable future – both for our industry and for consumers. We are committed to transform science into actionable, practical nutrition and farm management solutions to help customers produce quality poultry meat and eggs. We support food producers with the technology that puts advice and data at their fingertips.

Feeding the Future is the essence of Trouw Nutrition (a Nutreco company), expressing the challenge to double food production while halving the carbon footprint. Our ambition is to contribute meeting the rising global demand with growing number of world population in a sustainable manner. The Trouw Nutrition way focuses on innovation, quality, sustainability, and integrated solutions.

Our solutions are built on four solid pillars. Each one contributes to help our customers adding more value to their business in a sustainable and a safe way.

Trouw Nutrition is built on a strong commitment to transform science into actionable, practical nutrition and farm management solutions. We focus on our four innovation pillars that deliver sustainability benefits to animals, farms, and the environment:

Early Life Nutrition:
Birds are confronted with various stressful events during their life, especially in critical transition periods such as hatch and transport. Provision of nutrition and water during the immediate post-hatch period and during transit from hatchery to farm has shown promising effects on broiler performance and health in the first days and weeks of life (Bergoug et al., 2013; Published results, Trouw Nutrition 2016). Early life interventions do not per se result in higher market weights or improved feed efficiency in each flock, but it will contribute to more stable and consistent performance and a reduced risk of birds developing health problems.

Health Life:
Animal Nutrition is an important part of the solution to help to contain Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Adequate animal nutrition (well-balanced and well-formulated feed) combined with good hygiene practices on farms and proper housing are key in promoting animal health and welfare. A balanced diet of compound feed supported by specialty feed ingredients/additives meets the animal’s physiological requirements and maintains the balance of the gut flora. Poultry Gut health is in fact a key factor in keeping birds healthy and resilient to stressors, such as heat or pathogens.

Trouw Nutrition Poultry Gut Health Solution, integrates Farm, Feed and Health approach.

Feed​ – Premixes, Young Animal Feed (ChickCare, NutriOpt, feed formulation advice including Intellibond C,
Feed safety: Fysal/Fylax/Toxo
Farm​ – Advice on farm management​ and biosecurity​, Selko pH (drinking water) with dosing systems
Health​ – Selko pH (water) + Selacid (feed), Gut health evaluation​

Water and feed acidification will contribute to maintaining a stable microbiota in poultry. The efficacy of organic and inorganic acids can be further enhanced by inclusion of medium chain fatty acids or other natural antimicrobial compounds that exert a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity at relative neutral pH ranges.

Precision Nutrition:
From an economical point of view, we need in general to meet nutrient requirements of the birds in the most efficient and economical way and assure that animals are in good health to exploit their potential.

Efficient use of resources e.g. feed ingredients will benefit environmentally sound production. In this respect, use and conversion of co-products from the food and biofuel industry to highly animal nutrition products is contributing to sustainable production as well. One of the challenges in our industry is to be flexible with our raw material usage to manage higher use of low-quality ingredients and anticipate on fluctuations in raw material prices, whilst at the same time we need to have grip on variation in raw material quality and assure that the feed delivers the same high performance.

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid technique to evaluate the nutrient profile of feed ingredients. A more advanced precision nutrition system such as NutriOpt from Trouw Nutrition has incorporated NIRS, with its extensive nutrient databases.

NutriOpt is an integrated nutritional precision-feeding tool from Trouw Nutrition, which enables the poultry farmer or grower or feed miller to optimize both feed costs and production results to maximize financial benefits in the value chain. It consists of several key elements that complement and support one another in optimizing animal nutrition, performance and associated costs through precise real-time analysis, modelling and calculation.

To offer real-time feed analysis, Trouw Nutrition has introduced the NutriOpt On-site Adviser (NOA). This innovative solution reveals the real nutritional value of your feed ingredients and helps to improve performance and profitability. Powered by our comprehensive NutriOpt database, the NutriOpt On-site Adviser provides with accurate analytical results to make better-informed choices.

The portable NIR scanner and the mobile app enable you to get analytical results of nutrients in raw materials and finished feed onsite. The mobile app connects the handheld scanner to the NutriOpt nutritional database and advice on the nutritional value of the scanned materials. The NutriOpt On-site can be even connected to your decision-making tools for a smooth optimisation process.

NOA can perform convenient analysis without samples leaving your farm, and the poultry farm owner can enjoy a greater control over their animal performance.
In relation to feed safety, mycotoxins are probably one of the most important risk factors that need to be controlled among the Indian poultry Industry. It is also encouraging to note, that rapid diagnostics are now more widespread globally adopted for quality control to take appropriate measures once mycotoxin contamination in raw materials is detected. It is an essential part of feed quality assurance and with the right measures the risks can be mitigated, which will prevent unexpected performance losses and health problems.

Measuring mycotoxin levels in feed can be time-consuming and requires specialised and costly methodology. Trouw Nutrition offers “Mycomaster”, a tool to analyse mycotoxins.

Mycomaster provides rapid, cost-effective, and quantitative mycotoxin analyses of over 40 validated feed raw materials and final feed. And it works on-site, bringing flexibility to testing frequency, in support to Feed quality control, formulation decisions and remediation strategies.

Tackling the challenges:
The importance of using a holistic approach to enable successful conversion of feed into high quality poultry protein in a sustainable way is evident for the Indian poultry producers. These high producing birds must be able to consume, digest, absorb and convert sufficient nutrients to meet their genetic potential, and do this consistently from flock to flock. To do this successfully and achieve high consistent production with acceptable risk will require increased use of existing technology and expanding our knowledge and information network. At Trouw Nutrition, we have the tools to support the challenges faced by the poultry producers to make better choices to support the production chain. For a complete overview of our tools and services, please contact your nearest Trouw Nutrition expert/representative.

For further information, kindly write to us at customercareindia@trouwnutrition.com
or visit our website: www.trouwnutrition.in

Dr.Partha P. Biswas
M.Sc.,Ph.D.,F.Z.S.,F.Z.S.I.
Former Asso. Professor & H.O.D.,
Dept. of Zoology, R.K.Mission V.C.College,
Kolkata ,W.Bengal.
Senior Consultant, Aqua-Vet inputs,
Fin-O-Wing Formulations, Kolkata-700084

The chicken industry is becoming more vulnerable to environmental shifts, particularly high temperatures. Open-sided poultry species are susceptible to heat stress, negatively impacting growth and productivity. Factors determining heat stress include temperature radiation, humidity, metabolic rate, age, and duration. Modern commercial broilers are more sensitive to heat stress, making understanding and controlling environmental conditions crucial for poultry production and health. High temperatures in birds reduce antioxidant capacity, requiring food handling and expensive cooling. Understanding and controlling environmental conditions is crucial for poultry production and health.

Thermoregulatory Device in Chicken
Unlike mammals, birds do not have sweat glands, but they have developed a number of behavioral adaptations to cope with heat, including increased breathing rate, panting and raised wings. Commercial poultry prioritize high production, making broilers more sensitive to environmental stresses, and affecting meat quality and immune problems. Under conditions of heat stress, metabolic heat increases, and the animal succumbs to hyperthermia. In summary, it can be concluded that high ambient temperature outside the thermoneutral region during the production phase has a bad effect on meat production, meat quality and causes serious immune problems in broilers.

Heat Shock Proteins of Poultry Birds During Heat Stress
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are stress proteins found in all living organisms that are activated by high environmental temperatures to protect cells from stressors such as heat. The 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) are a family of proteins known for their potential role in thermotolerance and widely regarded as cellular thermometers. Over expression of HSP70 has been observed under oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species scavenging and pulmonary endothelial protection against bacterial toxins. They keep cells in order by synthesizing other proteins, attract immune cells and participate in protein assembly and degradation. Higher HSP expression is associated with better heat tolerance and is produced by all living organisms in high temperature environments.

Effects of Heat Stress in Poultry Birds
Reduced voluntary feed intake which affects the functionality of the entire digestive system High environmental temperatures activate the hypothalamus–pituitary axis, brain-gut axis and elevate plasma corticosterone concentrations, affecting the digestive system’s functionality.

This leads to changes in motility, flux patterns, secretory activity, content viscosity and pH Generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the efficacy of the antioxidant defense system deteriorate. Overproduction of ROS in mitochondria can damage proteins, lipids, and DNA Heat stress can impair the feeding process, nutrient absorption and utilization, although water intake increases rapidly Upregulation of adipokines secretion (leptin and adiponectin) and the expression of their receptors can negatively regulate feed intake and calorie consumption thus resulting in decreased metabolic heat production The decline in trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase (intestinal secretion) due to reduced feed intake often results in impairment of digestive functionality, nutrient digestibility Hypoperfusion and an increase in blood flow to the skin surface occur as an adaptive response of the circulatory system to stabilize blood pressure and promote heat loss It is known that heat challenge has an immune-suppressive effect.

Use of Dietary Phytochemicals to Reduce Heat Stress
Experimental studies on poultry birds suggest phytochemical ingestion may reduce heat stress effects. These phytochemicals can directly or indirectly influence genes and metabolic pathways, with stress reduction linked to antioxidant qualities.

Fig.3: The chicken’s response to being overheated. Chickens raised in high temperatures produce more reactive oxygen species and show signs of immunological inflammation in addition to consuming less food.

Mitigating Heat Stress Using Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), A Secondary Metabolite in Green Tea

Green tea’s most prevalent catechin, EGCG, is thought to be its most bioactive ingredient and possesses potent antioxidant properties. The primary cause of heat stress-induced oxidative stress in poultry is damage to tissues and cells, which is mostly manifested in an increase in MDA (malondialdehyde) concentration in such tissues and cells. It has been demonstrated that adding the polyphenol EGCG to broilers housed in thermoneutral environments may increase their antioxidant capacity. Acutely heat-stressed broilers may have greater antioxidant capacity and less oxidative damage in their muscles because EGCG may activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Reducing Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens With Additional Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Onion (Allium Cepa)

Onion and its derivatives including saponins, aglycones, quercetin, cepaenes, flavonoids, organosulfurs, and phenolic compounds showed various pharmacological properties and therapeutic effects.When broilers are heat stressed, the combination of onion and ginger supplements increases the nutrition of the groups more than no supplementation.

According to research results, growth performance, carcass quality, antioxidant levels and immune system response of broilers are improved when fed 10 g of ginger and and 2.5 g of onion during heat stress. Ginger contains substances with powerful antibacterial and antioxidant properties, including chagaol, ginger diol and ginger diol. Ginger (2%) added to broilers suffering from heat stress significantly improved blood biochemical parameters and growth indicators compared to the control group.

Seeds of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa) improve Bird’s Ability to Live in Heat-stressed Conditions

Black cumin seeds have been shown to have pharmacological and antibacterial properties and also contain drug-like compounds. The volatile oil (0.4-0.45%) contains saturated fatty acids, which include: nigellone, which is the only component of the carbonyl fraction. oil, thymoquinone (TQ), thymohydroquinone (THQ), dithymoquinone, thymol, carvacrol, α and β-pinene, d-limonene, d-citronellol, carvacrol, t-anethole, 4-terpineol and longifolin etc. Thymoquinone improves hatchability, pos-thatching performance and antioxidant activity of thermally stressed broiler embryos. Black cumin extract has been shown in trials to reduce serum MDA levels and protect against oxidative stress.

Hot Red Pepper (HRP) Reduces Heat Exhaustion in Birds

Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is abundant in capsaicin, a terpenoid found in HRP that helps prevent heat exhaustion in birds. Carotenoids, which are rich in vitamins E, C, and provitamin A (beta carotene), are known to have powerful antioxidant qualities that help prevent the damaging effects of free radicals and, in certain situations, oxidative stress, which can lead to cell death in broilers. Furthermore, it has been found that adding capsaicin, an active ingredient in red pepper that is present in grill feed at a dose of 50 mg/kg, can lessen the harmful effects of heat stress.

Moringa (Moringa Oleifera)helps to Survive Birds Under Heat Stress

Moringa leaves contain high levels of total polyphenols (260mg/100g), b-carotene (34mg/100g), kaempferol (34mg/100g), quercetin (100mg/100g), as well as a total antioxidant capacity of 260mg/100g. Kaempferol and quercetin are the flavonoids present in moringa leaves and possess strong antioxidants. It has been found that 0.3% incorporation of M. oleifera leaf meal improves the performance and physiological parameters of broilers and also helped the birds survive under heat stress.

THYME (THYMUS VULGAIS) Protects Chicks Against Heat Stress

The two most important bioactive compounds in this plant are carvacrol and thymol, which may be the primary source of thyme’s pharmacological actions. Thus research has identified linalool, thymol, carvacrol, gamma-terpineol, and geraniol as the primary components of thyme. Dietary thyme essential oil (150–200 mg/kg) is more effective at shielding chicks from the harmful effects of heat stress while also enhancing immunological function and development performance. One material that may be able to improve growth in broilers located in hot climates is thyme oil.

Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum) Seed in Ameliorating the Impact of Thermal Challenges

According to research, broilers under heat stress that are fed 2% coriander seed have higher feed intake, weight gain, reduced panting, and higher levels of corticosterone. The broilers’ poor intestinal absorptive capacity and shape may be connected to the rise in corticosterone levels during stress. Furthermore, according to a different study, adding 2% coriander to the diet helps broiler birds by lessening the effects of heat shock. The supplement, according to the author, benefitted broilers that were experiencing heat stress and enhanced their blood parameters, immunity, and overall performance.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum) Powder as Antioxidant in Thermally Challenged Birds

The common herbal plant, cinnamon contains different active phenolic compounds, which include flavones, catechin, isoflavones, flavonoids and other phenolics. The main bioactive constituent of cinnamon is cinnamaldehyde. The phenolic components function as antioxidants and can effectively scavenge ROS. Cinnamon supplements help in homeostasis due to the reduced pH caused by heat stress. It has also been reported that an increase in the activity of CAT, total antioxidant capacity and SOD and a decrease in the MDA when birds were placed in a thermally challenged environment during their finishing phase.

Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) for Heat-stressed Broilers

The yellowish pigments of turmeric, namely demethoxycurcumin, curcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, are commonly referred to as curcumoids. Curcuminoids are an antioxidative compound found in turmeric. Researchers have shown the effects of turmeric powder supplement at 0.3 and 0.6 g/kg when administered to birds under heat stress. The superoxide radicals are neutralized, and there is an increase in the activity of SOD and CAT (ROS-removing enzymes or antioxidant enzymes ) and a decrease in MDA in broilers. The increased level in MDA indicates oxidative damage in liver of heat stressed broilers.

Conclusion
Heat stress can hurt poultry birds by making them grow slower, weakening their immune system, causing intestinal inflammation, and causing other health problems. It can also trigger oxidative process. But using natural substances called phytogenic compounds can help chickens who are raised in hot conditions.But more research is needed to understand the molecular changes made by medicinal herbs and the interactions between their active components, gut microbiota, and gut barriers. By using these approaches, we can improve chicken welfare and make poultry production more sustainable and efficient.